<html><head><title>toybox news</title>
<!--#include file="header.html" -->

<p>Toybox combines the most common Linux command line utilities together
into a single BSD-licensed executable that's simple, small, fast,
reasonably standards-compliant, and powerful enough to turn Android into
a development environment. See the links on the left for details.</p>

<h2>News</h2>

<!-- new entry template
<a name="DD-MM-YYYY" /><a href="#01-01-2001"><hr><h2><b>Jan 1, 2001</b></h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p>
Don't Panic
</p> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.0.1.tar.gz>Toybox 0.0.1</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.0.1>git commit</a>)
is out, with prebuilt <a href=downloads/binaries/0.0.1>static binaries</a> and
<a href=downloads/binaries/mkroot/0.0.1>mkroot images</a>
bootable under QEMU (built using a <a href=https://github.com/landley/linux/tree/mkroot-0.1>lightly patched</a> linux-0.1).</p>

<p>New commands</p>

<u>Features</u>:
<u>Bugfixes</u>:
<u>Library</u>:
<u>Mkroot</u>:
<u>Pending</u>:
<u>Cleanup</u>:
<u>Portability</u>:
<u>Documentation</u>:
<u>Plumbing</u>:
<u>Test suite</u>:
<u>Build</u>:
-->

<a name="18-01-2025" /><a href="#18-01-2025"><hr><h2><b>Jan 18, 2025</b></h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p>The regular early morning yell of horror was the sound of Arthur Dent waking
up and suddenly remembering where he was.</p>
</p> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.8.12.tar.gz>Toybox 0.8.12</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.8.12>git commit</a>)
is out, with prebuilt <a href=/bin/toybox/0.8.12>static binaries</a> and
<a href=/bin/mkroot/0.8.12>mkroot images</a>
bootable under QEMU 9.2.0 (built using a <a href=/bin/mkroot/0.8.12/linux-patches/>lightly patched</a> linux-6.12).</p>

<p>Posix-2024 (SUSv5, issue 8) finally came out, and a few things
have been tweaked, but as with Posix-2008 (SUSv4, issue 7, released
16 years ago) it was mostly codifying what the Linux man pages
already said.</p>

<p>Toybox is now only the fifth most starred repository of the
<a href=https://github.com/search?q=license%3A0bsd&type=Repositories&ref=advsearch>~60k 0BSD licensed projects on github</a>, which means
<a href=https://spdx.org/licenses/0BSD.html>Zero Clause BSD</a> has
outgrown its roots.</p>

<p><u>Features</u>: added <b>netcat -o -O</b> (hex output, the first
preserving original input groups and the latter continuous), and
<b>tar</b> now handles another obsolete sparse format you get in old tarballs sometimes (with test).
Elliott added NPROCESSORS_CONF and NPROCESSORS_ONLN to <b>getconf</b>,
added -f FILE and --no-sync to <b>devmem</b>, and
taught <b>tar</b> to call out to zstd.
Oliver Webb added <b>test -ef -ot -nt</b>,
Brian Norris added <b>dmesg -W</b>.
Karthikeyan Ramasubramanian added <b>devmen --no-mmap</b>.
Kana Steimle added <b>mount LABEL=</b>.
Firas Khalil Khana made <b>lsusb</b> and <b>lspci</b> also check
/usr/share/hwdata (since the Linux Foundation killed the Linux Standard
Base system packagers can't quite agree where stuff should live).
</p>

<p><u>Bugfixes</u>:
<b>grep -r</b> now opens files with O_NOBLOCK|O_NOCTTY to avoid getting hung
up on FIFOs or attaching the console to dev/tty nodes,
<b>patch -F0</b> disables fuzz support,
<b>find -size</b> implies -type f,
<b>host</b> detects truncated replies and doesn't output the length byte at
the start of TXT replies,
more complicated relative file permission parsing like <b>chmod g+rX-ws</b>
is now handled properly,
<b>tar</b> honors umask unless -p supplied (with tests),
<b>test</b> -nt and -ot now only check nanoseconds when the seconds match,
and a weird corner case in <b>ps</b> was because the <b>make.sh</b> plumbing
wasn't switching FLAG_x to "long long" quite fast enough (when 1&lt;&lt;31
is negative, using it in nontrivial bitmask checks can go strange).</p>

<p>Elliott fixed a crash when <b>file</b> tried to parse corrupted ELF files,
fixed <b>cp -i -v</b> verbose notifications (showing source when they should
show destination, etc), and fixed
a sendfile_len() bounds check. Ray Gardner found a unicode bug in lib.c's
strlower() (which is now checked for in find.test).
Yi-Yo Chiang fixed </b>netcat -f</b> and two bugs in <b>microcom</b>'s
"paste" command.
Xiuhong Wang fixed <b>ionice</b>'s output when checking the IO priority of a
process you don't have permission to access.
Dima Buzdyk taught <b>lsusb</b> to handle multiple PCIe controllers, including printing
the controller domain id when there's more than one.
Peter Collingbourne noticed that <b>ps</b>/<b>top</b> etc were setting the stdout buffer
twice (which glibc doesn't support).
Kana Steimle fixed <b>blkid</b> to match util-linux behavior more closely.</p>

<p><u>Library</u>:
Added <b>cfspeed2bps()</b> and <b>bsp2cfspeed()</b> functions (converting bits per second
values to/from the cfsetspeed() argument bitmask), and make <b>xsetspeed()</b>
use them. Moved <b>anystart()</b> and <b>anystr()</b> to lib.c.</p>

<p><u>Mkroot</u>:
New <b>riscv32</b> and <b>riscv64</b> targets, and <b>or1k</b> switched to the
-M virt board emulation so it can exit now. The <b>armv5l</b> -M versatilepb
board no longer micromanages the network card selection (which was working
around a bug from 2007 long since fixed upstream).
All <a href=https://landley.net/bin/mkroot/0.8.12>shipped targets</a> fully
pass <b>mkroot/testroot.sh</b> except <b>or1k</b>
(no default -hda bus <a href=https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/qemu-devel/2025-01/msg00996.html>in qemu</a>'s
board emulation), <b>microblaze</b> (no -hda
available even with -drive, and the board emulation doesn't know how to exit
without being killed), and <b>sh4eb</b> (an endianess disagreement between
the ethernet driver and device emulation, little endian works fine with the
same config).</p>

<p><b>VMLINUX=</b> no longer needs a path to a zimage file, it looks under
arch/$KARCH/boot when it's not at the top level. <b>QEMU_M=</b>
is now a short way to say "qemu-system-$CROSS -M $QEMU_M".
In <b>mkroot/packages</b>, updated the <b>dropbear</b> and <b>zlib</b>
versions, and added an initial script to convert the <b>Linux From Scratch</b>
12.1 sources into a squashfs
(just a start, several of the shipped patches are in the obsolete diff -c
"copied context" format because gnu, and I haven't taught patch to apply
the old format yet. Maye a new LFS release will stop doing that?)
<b>setupfor</b> now handles tarballs that don't extract to a directory with
the same name.
Fixed mkroot running in a container where /dev/tty was never associated
(where writing to it produces an error). The airlock build is skippable
so don't rely on it to set mkroot $VERSION.</p>

<p><b>mkroot/record-commands</b> can now be run from an arbitrary directory,
to more easily log command line usage in other projects' builds. Running
it with no arguments now sets up a persistent wrapper and outputs
an "export" line needed to update the $PATH and such to use it.
(Running a command under it the way chroot or sh -c work still sets up
the wrapper, runs the command, then tears down the wrapper again leaving
the log.) Also, make it work on a busybox-based host (where "find -type"
didn't understand commas).</p>

<p><u>Pending</u>:
New <b>awk.c</b> from Ray Gadner, which is 4500 lines long and counting
(46 commits so far).
Eric Roshan-Eisner fixed several issues in <b>vi</b> and its tests.
Elliott fixed /etc/issue in <b>getty</b>.
Daniel Rosenberg added <b>diff --no-dereference</b> and fixed comparisons
between symlinks and fifos (with test).
Kana Steimle fixed several things in <b>crond</b>.</p>

<p>Use DRAIN instead of FLUSH in <b>stty</b>,
Consistently indent the help text blocks (in syslogd.c, dhcp6, diff.c...),
and the partial mke2fs.c was removed because gcc 14 breaks trying to build it
(due to a design change in gcc, which used to be able to compile it but
can't anymore, if I get around to finishing it I can check in one that
actually performs its intended function but bug reports about code that
doesn't work = remove it).</p>

<p>More <b>toysh</b> work, most notably a
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/7a2f81c82d1c>design change</a>
that allows "trap" to asynchronlysly call functions from an interrupt handler
(by removing the recursive do_source() function, moving the read/parse/run
loop to sh_main(), and giving each sh_fcall stack entry a FILE *source
it can read data from when the parsed sh_pipeline is empty, and then pop
the sh_fcall on EOF and continue in the calling context.)
The tests that are currently expected to fail are now
annotated with $BROKEN (use "BROKEN= make test_sh" to try them), and
TEST_HOST now passes on bash 5.2. Implement <b>return</b>, move <b>break</b>
and <b>continue</b> to normal builtin commands (instead of special case
inline processing in run_lines()), make the xexit() longjmp() back to the shell
from builtins nest multiple levels deep if necessary (in case builtins call
builtins, which is less likely under the new design), bump script filehandle
to high fd and CLOEXEC it (instead of leaking into children).
Another one line fix had
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/0b2d5c2bb3f1>several paragraphs</a>
of explanation, but boils down to "kernels with static initramfs have no
stdin/stdout/stderr so toysh needs to cope when redirect opens one
of those as a temporary filehandle". Fixed backslash parsing in $'' so \'
doesn't end the quoting context.</p>

<p><u>Cleanup</u>:
Although <b>klogd</b> is cleaned up most of the way to being promotable,
since it just passes stuff along to syslogd (which isn't) it's not much
use on its own. Switched most remaining toys.optflags&amp;FLAG_x checks to
<b>FLAG(x)</b>. Minor cleanup on <b>cp -r</b>.
Elliott added input buffering to <b>xxd</b>, made find.c use S_ISREG() instead
of inlining it. Brian Norris added line buffering to dmesg stdout.
<b>klogd</b> is cleaned up most of the way to being promotable, but
since it just passes stuff along to syslogd (which isn't) it's not much
use on its own.</p>

<p><u>Portability</u>:
Fixed <b>hwclock</b> when settimeofday() syscall isn't available (which
musl and glibc broke in
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/da1474b1589a>different ways</a>),
endianness checking now uses the compiler's built-in <b>__BYTE_ORDER__</b> macro
instead of needing to #include headers. The nommu-friendly <b>xvdaemon()</b>
will now chdir("/") so background processes don't pin mount points, and
find.test now skips a test that triggered a macos bug.
Elliott dropped ps.c's dependency on android libprocessgroup (it now
reads /proc/$PID/cgroup directly). Vidar Karlsen had some freebsd updates.
Kana Steimle worked around closedir(NULL) segfaulting on musl (which doesn't
consider that a NOP).</p>

<u>Documentation</u>:
<b>sysctl</b> now accepts -A as an alias for -a but
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/41e7186b012e>doesn't try to explain it</a>.
More FAQ entries. and added some links to the end of <a href=license.html>license.html</a>.
Old entries in this news page no longer drive vi's html syntax highlighting nuts.
Elliott clarified the relationship between <b>ls -s</b> and --block-size</b>.
Ivan Mirić fixed some typos in mkroot's README.</p>

<p><u>Plumbing</u>:
Added <b>TOYFLAG_NOBUF</b>, used by microcom to disable stdio buffering.
The "lie to autoconf" help pluming moved into main.c as <b>TOYFLAG_AUTOCONF</b>
because <b>grep</b> needs it too now.</p>

<p><u>Test suite</u>:
lots of tests updated to pass with TEST_HOST on Devuan Daedalus (I.E.
Debian Bookworm). Various .1 second timeouts were expanded to give loaded
servers time to schedule processes. (An unloaded raspberry pi should have no
trouble, and a swap-thrashing system may not finish even with a 5 second wait
to flush asynchronous activity, but it's at least a better guess.)
For some reason, ASAN on Debian's current gcc/glibc turns glibc's <b>crypt()</b>
function into a null pointer dereference. This seems to be a host toolchain bug,
and there's work underway to replace the host crypt() with a lib/lib.c
implementation using the builtin hashes in a future release, but for now
you have to switch off "mkpasswd" in menuconfig to pass "make tests" on
Debian. It worked fine on the old debian version, works fine built under
musl-libc, works fine without ASAN enabled, is not failing IN
crypt (it's never reaching it, the dynamic linker is turning the call into
a jump to NULL). The shipped binaries are built against musl where crypt()
(and thus mkpasswd) still works.</p>

<p><u>Build</u>:
Setting $TOOLCHAIN for <b>scripts/install.sh</b> (and thus
<b>make airlock_install</b>) now symlinks the listed additional commands from
the host $PATH into the new airlock directory.
Fixed ASAN to mostly work with newer gcc/glibc (from Debian 12) except for
the crypt() thing. Most files like generated/tags.h are now generated with sed and bash instead
of building a native C program to emit them.
Added --start-group and --end-group around the "extra" libraries when static
linking (because probing them in parallel doesn't preserve the magic order).
Sadly -f does not reliably shut up gnu/chmod, despite its longopt aliases
being "--silent" and "--quiet" (the <strike>aristocrats</strike> FSF!)
so redirect the noise to /dev/null.
Added "ar" to the airlock install's PENDING list because the dropbear build
grew a dependency on it. (You'd think that would use the cross compiler's
prefixed-ar, but no.)
Squelched more spurious clang warnings
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/b9cb58b797b7>about nothing</a>.</p>

<a name="08-04-2024" /><a href="#08-04-2024"><hr><h2><b>April 8, 2024</b></h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p>Another thing that got forgotten was the fact that against all probability a
sperm whale had suddenly been called into existence several miles above the
surface of an alien planet. And since this is not a naturally tenable position
for a whale, this poor innocent creature had very little time to come to terms
with its identity as a whale before it then had to come to terms with not being
a whale any more.</p>
<p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.8.11.tar.gz>Toybox 0.8.11</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.8.11>git commit</a>)
is out, with prebuilt <a href=/bin/toybox/0.8.11>static binaries</a> and
<a href=/bin/mkroot/0.8.11>mkroot images</a>
bootable under QEMU (built using a <a href=/bin/mkroot/0.8.11/linux-patches>lightly patched</a> linux-6.8).</p>

<p>Highlights include a new <a href=quickstart.html>quickstart</a>
web page, shorter <a href=/bin>/bin</a> links to prebuilt binaries,
lots of work on mkroot, and a new "canned" toybox build to reduce
dependencies.</p>

<p><u>New commands</u>:
Rob added <b>tsort</b>, and promoted <b>fold</b> and <b>getopt</b>.
Oliver Webb added <b>ts</b> and <b>csplit</b>, and 
Elliott added <b>memeater</b>.</p>

<p>And one command got temporarily de-promoted: <b>passwd</b> is "default n"
(disabled in defconfig) this release due to the ongoing lib/passwd.c
infrastructure rewrite that isn't quite done yet. (See the Library section.)</p>

<u>Features</u>:
The new "<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/d1acc6e88be5>canned</a>"
toybox build in <b>scripts/prereq/build.sh</b> lets toybox provide its own
build prerequisites by compiling a minimal toybox against saved headers (ala
"cc -I scripts/prereq/generated file1.c file2.c..."). This provides
most of the commands toybox needs to configure and build itself (except make,
bash, and the compiler toolchain). This may help <a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/3bbc31c78b41>bootstrap</a> toybox on systems
that don't provide a modern Linux command line out of the box: install
toybox-prereq at the start of the $PATH, add
a .config file, and run <b>scripts/make.sh</b>.</p>

<p>New <b>mv -x</b> option to atomically swap two files,
<b>env -e FILE</b> executes a different command than argv[0] on the command
line, the <b>reset</b> command now puts raw terminals back into "cooked" mode,
negative offsets in <b>sort -k</b> count right to left,
<b>setsid</b> grabs the tty more forcefully (removing the need for getty)
and the -cc option will try to steal it,
<b>mount</b> now shows file= when displaying loopback mounts,
<b>wc -L</b> shows longest line length,
<b>tar -h</b> now detects a lot more hardlinks,
<b>cp</b> now copies xattrs for directories (not just files).</p>

<p>Elliott taught <b>file</b> to recognize wasm binary modules and
display JPEG width/height, added the LOWER_UP, DORMANT, and ECHO
flags to <b>ifconfig</b>, added PAC and BTI decoding to <b>readelf</b>,
cache size querying to <b>sysconf</b> (supported by glibc and bionic but
not musl-libc), and added a "paste" menu to <b>microcom</b>. Kalesh Singh
taught <b>readelf</b> to decode a new note type (NT_ANDROID_TYPE_PAD_SEGMENT).
Christopher Ferris improved <b>readelf</b> section flags handling,
with test. Oliver Webb suggested <b>count -l</b>.
Aditya submitted <b>netcat -z</b>.</p>

<u>Bugfixes</u>:
Fixed <b>printf \0</b> and <b>grep -w</b> (which never quite worked right),
<b>ls -k</b> now switches off --block-size,
<b>install -dm 02750</b> works (sticky bit support for -d),
<b>tar</b> is better at following symlinks and extracting records with broken
metadata, <b>gzip</b> now knows
knows how to rename between "tgz/tar" extensions,
<b>mkpasswd -m sha*</b> salt length can now range from 8-16, not just 16,
<b>ps</b> can now handle an session ID of 0 (which is what PID 1 starts with
before the first call to setsid()),
<b>pwgen</b> can now use ~ in output,
<b>xargs</b> now stops when a child exits with 255,
<b>iconv</b> now exits with error if any characters failed to convert with -c,
things like <b>truncate -s 1e2</b> were saying "too large" and now correctly
say "not integer" (it's not scientific notation, it's exabyte suffix with
trailing garbage),
<b>timeout</b> now takes its exit code from SIGCHLD instead of wait()
to fix a race condition (SIGCHLD can happen before calling wait and the
kernel won't deliver status twice, so you can't wait AND have the
signal handler). The usual round of gcc warnings got tracked down, confirmed
to be useless, and removed, but despite gcc constantly warning "variable is
not actually used uninitialized" there were some uninitialized variables in
<b>dd</b> it DIDN'T warn about: found and fixed.</p>

<p>Elliott added an error message to catch <b>xxd -r</b> receiving -p format
input without -p,
fixed <b>readelf -n</b> for x86-64 ibt/shstk notes
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/6c23ff0168c1>whatever those
are</a>),
and fixed <b>blkid</b> not to check filesystem signatures that would continue
past the end of the loaded buffer.
Michael Shavit pointed out that <b>devmem</b> command line number parsing
wasn't unsigned (although fixing that means it no longer parses the kmg unit
suffixes).
Peter Collingbourne fixed <b>inotifyd</b> skipping the first mask character.
Taisuke Matsushiro fixed a fencepost error preventing <b>stty</b> from
setting serial baud rate to 57600.
Askar Safin fixed a typo in mkroot/packages/busybox.</p>

<u>Library</u>:
The in-progress rewrite of <b>lib/password.c</b> no longer uses shadow.h
(which lets it build against bionic),
and a new <b>lib/hash.c</b> where toybox implements its own crypt() using
the md5/sha1/sha3 etc hash functions we've already got (to work around glibc's
ongoing deprecation of posix features), but neither are quite finished yet.
New <b>lib/elf.c</b> with plumbing shared by <b>file</b> and <b>readelf</b>, with
additional arm and riscv flag decoding,
the <b>peek()</b> family of functions now return long long instead of
int64_t so the base types are consistent on 32/64 bit,
<b>lib/args.c</b> now handles the high bit octal escape sequences in trailing
[-abc] blocks, so you can have punctuation participate in option groups,
switching off an option via grouping now sets it back to its default
value (not to zero), and numeric and date parsing report out of range numeric
or millisecond values.</p>

<u>Mkroot</u>:
There's a <b>README</b> in the mkroot directory now. (Microsoft Github was
picking up the README.root file used by the tar-for-web.sh script
and showing that instead.)
Extended <b>run-qemu.sh</b> so it can be run from other directories
(prepending $(dirname $0)/ to linux-kernel and initramfs.cpio.gz when
loading them into qemu).
The initramfs now has <b>/etc/os-release</b> with the toybox $VERSION.
The big if/else staircase of linux kernel target configurations
moved into its own <b>get_target_config()</b> shell function, with
a big comment block right before it explaining what all the variables
it sets mean, and the generic kconfig symbol list got moved out to
a <b>GENERIC_KCONF</b> variable assignment right after that function.
The <b>microconfig</b> format got compressed slightly more
by use of bash brace expansion, decoded to comma separated values by
the be2csv function ala KCONF="$(be2csv SPI{,_BITBANG} IOMMU_SUPPORT)" .
The init script no longer calls <b>oneit</b>, instead doing the work in the
init script. (Redirect stdin/out/err to the "real" console device on
the last line of /sys/class/tty/console/active, call setsid, trap SIGCHLD,
reboot when the shell exits. This (and the setsid tty stealing upgrades) also
fixed <b>ps</b> not showing any processes in mkroot because stdin/stdout weren't
properly claimed as the controlling tty.
The base kernel config now uses <b>CONFIG_PANIC_TIMEOUT=1</b> so
we don't have to say panic=1 on the kernel command line anymore.
The baseconfig now automatically adds CONFIG_MODULES and
CONFIG_MODULES_UNLOAD when any <b>$MODULES</b> are listed.
Moved the kernel modules archive into the "docs" directory.
New <b>$NOTOYBOX</b> variable skips the toybox build if set.
The <b>$DTB</b> files no longer have a path, instead using "find"
to install them.
The build now creates the externally loadable cpio.gz file even when
building initramfs into the kernel, but sticks it in the docs/ subdirectory
when it's not used.</p>

<p>Several new <b>mcm-buildall.sh</b> targets (or1k, riscv32, riscv64, sh4eb)
taking advantage of upstream musl-cross-make updating itself to use
musl-1.2.5. The target list in mcm-buildall.sh moved into a <b>TARGETS=()</b>
array with a big comment before it explaining the format, and the script
is better about building host toolchains
to build other cross compilers with: it tries to autodetect the host
type (moving the relevant one to the front of the build list), and
will also build a missing host toolchain when given targets on the
command line. Added microblaze and or1k kernel configs, neither of which
know how to exit qemu yet. (If Linux has got a reboot mechanism it knows
how to poke that qemu is listening for on either virtual board, I haven't
found it yet.) Also added sh4eb with FDPIC support (see kernel patch, which
allows qemu-system-sh4eb to run the sh2eb nommu root filesystem), and armv4l
(the 486 of arm).</p>

<u>Pending</u>:
Elliott fixed and improved <b>strace</b>, translating more system calls.
Rob enabled command recursion in <b>toysh</b> (so it can call non-builtins as
builtins), fixed calling "exec" on NOFORK commands (which MUST run
in the shell's process context), redid the code to handle trailing
backslashes gluing lines together, and it no longer leaks script
filehandles into child processes.
Oliver Webb noticed that OLDTOY(MAYFORK) aliases didn't become shell
builtins, added <b>tr -t</b>, in <b>vi</b> added line gotos in ex mode,
'g', 'v', 'j' commands, and backwards search, cleaned up stuff in
<b>xzcat</b>, <b>getopt</b>, <b>bc</b>, and removed a bunch of useless autogenerated
<b>bc</b> tests. Jarno Mäkipää added the list of supported commands to <b>vi</b>'s
help text.
Mathieu Anquetin fixed <b>ip link set</b> parsing, and NUL byte handling
in <b>hexdump</b>.
General cleanup passes on <b>expr</b> (which now uses 64 bit comparisons),
<b>tr</b>, and <b>dhcpd</b>.</p>

<u>Cleanup</u>:
pass over <b>lsattr</b>, <b>getconf</b>, <b>acpi</b>, and <b>blkid</b>.
Use FLAG() macros in <b>ifconfig</b> and <b>restorecon</b>. Removed TODO block
from <b>nbd-client</b>.
More error_msg("%s", str) converted to error_msg_raw(str).
Trimmed the GLOBALS() sizes (using <b>scripts/probes/GLOBALS</b>):
removed 1k of global data from <b>cksum</b> and switched a 2k global
in <b>grep</b> to a malloc. Simplified scripts/probes/bloatcheck and
mkroot/record-commands.</p>

<u>Portability</u>:
Fixed <b>truncate -s 8g</b> on 32 bit hosts,
updated <b>mcm-buildall.sh</b> to autodetect host type and automatically
select newer package versions,
and moved the <b>linux32</b> command to its own file because BSD can't
build it.
MacOS had a use-after-free with the getpwuid() return value being recycled
a more aggressively than Linux.
Elliott fixed diff.test to work with mksh, and posix_fallocate()
to work with MacOS.
More commands enabled in <b>make bsd_defconfig</b> and <b>make
macos_defconfig</b>.
Added some (void) typecasts to netstat, oneit, and watchdog to try to
shut up compilers that insist on responding to uncorrectable failures.
(Such as fgets() reading known /proc data from the kernel, writes to
the watchdog timer that will reboot the system if they fail, or PID 1 calling
dup() on stdin to create stdout and stderr after closing the old ones.
If any of that goes wrong, what are we supposed to do about it?)</p>

<u>Documentation</u>:
The website now has a <a href=quick.html>quickstart</a> page,
and the site now defaults to the about page (updated index.html symlink).
The "current release" is now in the common header displayed by most pages.
The mkroot dir has a
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/blob/0.8.11/mkroot/README>README</a>, and its <a href=faq.html#mkroot>faq entry</a>
has been updated.
New option to compress help text with <b>gzip</b>, and help text size now shows
up in <b>make bloatcheck</b>.
Fix <b>sed --help</b> to show full help, <b>patch -F</b> is now mentioned
in the help text, tweaks to help text in <b>cut</b>, <b>grep</b>,
<b>blkdiscard</b>.
Elliott did a cleanup pass over "usage:" lines and alphabetized more help text
options.
Christian Koestlin fixed a typo in the <b>dmesg</b> docs.
The <a href=release.txt>release
procedure checklist</a> has been updated, and the README generated
by <b>mkroot/tar-for-web.sh</b> got updated.
New faq entry explaining why toybox doesn't have (or need) cttyhack,
and the architecture list got updated to match mcm-buildall.sh.
The usual roadmap updates.</p>

<p>New <b>scripts/probes/cmd2dpkg</b> script shows what
debian package (if any) each toybox command lives in, but only checks
installed packages (dpkg-query -S "$(which $COMMAND)") and debian breaks
up source packages strangely, so did not used it to redo the roadmap section
listing packages (created using Linux From Scratch's list of commands
installed by each source package).</p>

<u>Plumbing</u>:
The <b>yes</b> command now uses writev() to go way faster, mostly to
prove it can.
The default <b>stdout</b> buffer type switched to block buffering to make
Elliott happy, which is a rich source of bugs (many of which Elliott
has already whack-a-moled) and means among other things
that mixing write() and fwrite() calls now requires manual flushing.
Meanwhile xflush() became xferror() because it usually
wasn't flushing anyway, and now that's more noticeable.
Removed <b>TOYFLAG_LOCALE</b> and just set utf8 locale for all commands.
The dirtree code now sets <b>DIRTREE_SYMFOLLOW</b> in "again" when we followed
a symlink to get to this node, callers checking <b>DIRTREE_COMEAGAIN</b> need
to mask out the bit they're interested in.
Improved <b>scripts/probes/findglobals</b> output to be more legible.</p>

<u>Test suite</u>:
Added <b>make test_help test_install</b> targets. (The standalone
command targets conflict with the help/install make targets, but you
can still build them via scripts/single.sh and there's no reason not
to be able to individually test them.)
New <b>utf8locale</b> shell function attempts to enable a UTF8 locale for
TEST_HOST, which was used to fix <b>wc.test</b>.
Colin Cross fixed <b>pidof.test</b> when stdout is a socket.
Something called "ecryptfs" has a maximum filename length of 143 bytes,
so our <b>tar.test</b> for long filenames support needs to be skipped there
because the filesystem can't handle it. Similarly, our <b>truncate.test</b>
was failing because storing nothing on ecryptfs wasts more space than expected.
The <b>tar</b> tests now fetch user/group names with "stat" because
between Linux, Android, FreeBSD, and MacOS, there aren't really consistent
user and group names for any existing files. Added nbd-client.test
Thiébaud Weksteen fixed the <b>getfattr</b>/<b>setfattr</b> tests on
filesystems using selinux. Oliver Webb added <b>sha3sum</b> tests.
Elliott stabilized another slightly racy <b>ifconfig</b> test (big test
farm, hits the weird corner cases).</p>

<u>Build</u>:
Lots of changes to <b>scripts/make.sh</b> and friends to speed up and parallelize
header generation. The build now figures out which toys/*/*.c files
to compile by searching for unindented USE() macros wrapping NEW(commandname),
which among other things fixes enabling the builtins when selecting just
CONFIG_SH in menuconfig (instead of doing a "make sh" single command build).
It also probes for optional shared libraries in parallel.
New <b>scripts/probes</b> directory to collect scripts that aren't actually
used by the build, with a README in it.
Updated .gitignore so it doesn't complain about spurious name collisions in
subdirectories. Elliott shut up a
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/2c36636377e1>truly sad</a>
warning where despite sizeof(ptrdiff_t) always being sizeof(long), gcc
nevertheless warns if you printf("%ld", ptr-ptr) and wants a magic invented
"%td" type on 32 bit systems (but is just fine on 64 bit). (Or we could add a
literally NOP typecast to long.) And silenced a spurious gcc 13.2 warning
in date.c. And Rob shut up <a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/a17fee778851>more broken gcc warnings</a>.
Updated .gitignore so it doesn't complain about spurious name collisions in
subdirectories.</p>

<a name="30-07-2023" /><a href="#30-07-2023"><hr><h2><b>July 30, 2023</b></h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p>The way it functioned was very interesting. When the Drink button was
pressed it made an instant but highly detailed examination of the subject's
taste buds, a spectroscopic analysis of the subject's metabolism and then
sent tiny experimental signals down the neural pathways to the taste centers
of the subject's brain to see what was likely to go down well. However, no
one knew quite why it did this because it invariably delivered a cupful of
liquid that was almost, but not quite, entirely unlike tea.</p>
<p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.8.10.tar.gz>Toybox 0.8.10</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.8.10>git commit</a>)
is out, with prebuilt <a href=downloads/binaries/0.8.10>static binaries</a> and
<a href=downloads/binaries/mkroot/0.8.10>mkroot images</a>
bootable under QEMU (built using a <a href=https://github.com/landley/linux/tree/mkroot-6.4>lightly patched</a> linux-6.4).</p>

<p>New command <b>shuf</b>, and Elliott added <b>i2ctransfer</b>.
Finished cleaning up <b>dd</b> a promoted it out of pending.</p>

<p>Lots of changes to mkroot, <a href=http://landley.net/talks/mkroot-2023.txt>working</a>
on updated documentation but the release is already overdue...</p>

<p><u>Features</u>:
Added a bunch of options to <b>tar</b> (-s --ignore-case --wildcards
--anchored --wildcards-match-slash --one-file-system), <b>ls --sort</b>
(which takes a comma separated list of fallback sorts, and new
sort types to sort by extension, case insensitive, and directory first),
<b>cpio -R</b> to set user/group of all files and <b>cpio -L</b> to
follow symlinks, <b>gzip -t</b> to test file integrity, <b>find -readable</b>,
<b>cut -DFR</b> now has --longopts aliases (as suggested by the coreutils list).
Taught <b>blkid</b> to recognize iso (cdrom) image files, <b>oneit</b> now
autodetects console from sysfs with no -c argument, added "next address"
support to <b>i2cget</b> and enforced bus limit,
added posix 1x2x3 support to <b>dd</b> (with overflow detection, and 0x
at the start still means hexadecimal).</p>

<p>Jarno Mäkipää taught <b>i2cget</b> to read without passing a command byte.
Elliott added <b>xxd -e</b> (little endian), <b>lspci -x</b> (hex dump of
pci config space), <b>ls --block-size</b>, widened the default
VSIZE field width in Android's default <b>ps</b> display (they're up to 10 gigabytes of
ASLR padding for hello world), and increased the <b>vi</b>/<b>top</b>
output buffer size to reduce flicker redrawing the screen.</p>

<p><u>Bugfixes</u>:
Taught <b>switch_root</b> to move mountpoints into the new root.
The <b>head</b> command now uses lseek to restore unused data from seekable
inputs (tested with <b>read i; echo =$i; head -n 1; done &lt; input</b>).
In <b>lspci</b> handle PCI bridges and don't show "revision 0".
Missing /proc entries no longer cause <b>vmstat</b> errors, the output
fits into 80 columns more often, and adds reclaimable to the cached field.
Fix </b>help -u -au</b>, and the "see othercommand" generation.
Adding fuzz support subtly broke <b>patch</b> in a couple places: fixed -R and
matching EOF. Trying to create a directory that already exists is no longer an
error for <b>cpio -i</b>, and <b>-d</b> just warns about directory creation
failure instead of exiting. Adding <b>--wildcards</b> logic to <b>tar</b>
broke the full string
matching (it checked after every / but not at the start of the string
when there weren't any), and <b>tar</b> now waits for the compression program
to exit and passes on any error result instead of killing it (which could
truncate output). Fixed more <b>realpath/readlink</b> corner cases, with tests.
Fix a <b>sed</b> bug when s//&amp;/ (the copy-matched-text operator) was the
first change made to the string. Fix error message for <b>find</b> -commands
that need an argument but were at the end of the command line (it said
"unknown command" instead of "command needs argument"). Fixed <b>killall5</b>
parsing of command names with spaces in them. Fixed <b>grep -m -A</b> used
together (-m stops new matches but -A still shows lines after match).
Fixed <b>mv</b> to --preserve=all when copying between filesystems.
Moved the EPIPE skip from perror_exit() to verror_msg() so we never
output a "hey, our output pipe unexpected closed!" error message when
we're not the last command in a pipeline.</p>

<p>Franke Busse reported that <b>bunzip2</b> was deleting its input file
on error, and <b>date -s +abc</b> was segfaulting.
Jooyung Han fixed <b>nsenter</b> using -C and -t together.
More fixes from Eric Roshan-Eisner's toysh fuzzing, and he also sent a fix
for an error message in the <b>patch</b> command.
Elliott fixed stdin handling in <b>log</b> and <b>logger</b> to read a line at
a time and log each one separately, fixed an off by one bounds check
in <b>readelf</b> (and factored out the bounds checking logic so it's
common between sections, and improved the error messages), fixed
a <b>gpiod</b> crash.</p>

<p><u>Library</u>:
Implemented DIRTREE_BREADTH to do breadth first processing of directories
(among other things, allowing entries to be sorted and processed in a
consistent order). The dirtree plumbing now has macros for the mode bits
instead of hardwired numbers,
better adler32 calculation in deflate.c,
and <b>fs_type_name()</b> can now convert most of the linux/magic.h constants
into "mount -t TYPE" names.</p>

<p><u>Mkroot</u>:
Moved mkroot into its own directory: you now run <b>mkroot/mkroot.sh</b> instead
of scripts/mkroot.sh, and all the mkroot plumbing should be under there now.
What was scripts/root is now <b>mkroot/packages</b>, and I added a "busybox"
package to download and build that (useful for testing command
implementations side by side).</p>

<p>Reorganized the contents of each root/$ARCH build directory so only
the files necessary to run are at the top level, and everything else
(kernel configs) is in a docs/ subdirectory. Added linux-microconfig
with the three CSV lines actually used by the build.
New <b>mkroot/tar-for-web.sh</b> script that generates tarballs for
uploading to the web page and adds two README files (one at the top level
and one to each tarball's docs directory). The generated tarballs don't
contain the fs/ dir, instead the README explains how to extract
and recreate the cpio.gz archive.</p>

<p>Taught KCONF=value,value,value... CSV format to understand NAME=VALUE
entries, and merged most KERNEL_CONFIG lines into KCONF.
(Note that while it can handle NAME="this that" you need to escape it as
NAME=\"this\ that\" to work right.) Added the legacy NLS
dependencies the VFAT driver needs (even though we selected UTF8) to the
base config. The init script now tests if stdin is open via
"2&gt;/dev/null &lt;0 || blah" so only does the exec redirect for /dev/console
when necessary.
Fixed the .config checker to replace the toybox config when CONFIG_SH=y
isn't set, so "make defconfig; mkroot/mkroot.sh" should work now.
Switched initramfs packaging to use more portable <b>cpio -R 0:0</b>
instead of --no-preserve-owner. Moved the -m 256 before $@ in run-qemu.sh
so setting memory size on the command line overrides the default.
The <b>mkroot/record-commands</b> setup script will now use logpath
out of the $PATH if it exists, rather than having to compile it each time.
Bo Svangård fixed a typo in the cpio command line that's ignored by toybox but
breaks with the host tools.</p>

<p><u>Pending</u>:
Moritz Weber put in more work on <b>git</b> (still very unfinished).
Eli Lipsitz fixed bugs in init and login. Elliott added risc-v support
to strace, and fixed :w in vi (it didn't
takes a filename argument and would crash if you started with no filename)
and improved error reporting. Jarno Mäkipää taught vi about backspace
and improved empty file handling. Rob fixed vi -s. Various cleanups to
<b>tcpsvd</b>.</p>

<p>More toysh work: command line option parsing stops at first nonoption argument,
all piped segments are now implicitly subshelled so variable
lifetimes match bash's and loops don't have to exit before proceedinng to the
next one (ala "while true; do echo hello; done | while read i; do echo $i; done"
hanging on a full output pipe). Several changes to HERE document processing
(variable expansions can cause line continuations in a HERE document, etc),
and better line continuation handling in general, added set -u,
fixed if/while return codes, wired up the "local" builtin, fixed an escape
passthrough bug reported by Mingliang Hu, support undelimited redirects
(ala cat&lt;file with no spaces), fixed ${X::} with no arguments.</p>

<p><u>Cleanup</u>:
Converted <b>chgrp</b> to FLAG() macros and did some minor cleanup on <b>bootchartd</b>,
(which needs tests), <b>basename</b>, <b>bzcat</b>, <b>test</b>,
<b>i2cdetect</b>. Elliott switched <b>flock</b>
to FLAG() macros, switched nohup to use octal permissions insted of macros,
widened the default VSIZE field width in Android's default <b>ps</b> display
(which is now inserting 10 gigabytes of ASLR padding into "hello world"), and increased
the vi/top output buffer size to reduce flicker redrawing the screen. Multiple cleanups to
<b>cpio</b>. Added requested --gratuitous-longopt synonyms to <b>ls</b>.
Consistently capitalize TODO comments in the tree so they're easier to search for.
Silence yet more perennial "warning: variable is never used uninitialized" gcc false
positives.</p>

<p><u>Portability</u>:
utf-8 support still isn't automatic in libc (you have to set an appropriate locale to
enable it), and locales aren't entirely standardized: try C.UTF-8 (which MacOS hasn't got)
and fall back to en_US.UTF-8 (which Gentoo hasn't got).
Removed itoa() from seq.c because cygwin pollutes the namespace with
DOS debris.</p>

<p>Dan Bryant renamed xrunread()'s "stdin" argument to "to_stdin" to work around
broken headers that #define stdin as a macro instead of a global variable.
Elliott enabled copy_file_range() on Android.</p>

<p><u>Documentation</u>:
Calling <b>command --help</b> and <b>toybox --help command</b> shows
the toybox URL banner, but "help command" doesn't.
Reorder the <b>find</b> help text so match filters that take an argument are mostly
in the left column. Minor help text tweaks in sleep, find, xxd, cpio.
The README now points to the same binary cross compilers as the FAQ.
Update <b>sed</b> help text now that -e and -f get processed in command
line order when used together.</p>

<p><u>Plumbing</u>:
The FLAG() macros now always return 1 or 0, so we can CONSTANT*FLAG(X) without needing
a !! in there. The help plumbing now has HELP_FLAGS.
Each command's option string in NEWTOY() may now use octal escapes with the
high bit set to use control characters as option flags, with the resulting
FLAG_X## macro using the 2 digit hex value (without the high bit set). For
example if you needed "command -:" then ":" is ascii 58 (hex 3A,
toybox's <b>ascii</b> command is useful for this), +128 is 186, which in octal
becomes "\272" and tested with if (FLAG(X3A)) in the code.</p>

<p><u>Test suite</u>:
Each command.test now runs in an empty subdirectory, and working files like
expected/actual go elsewhere (only "input" is created for you in there, and only
when you provide input in the current test's 4th argument), so the directory
listing doesn't contain anything the test didn't put there. (This simplified
several tests.)
The realpath test broke on mksh (which doesn't export $PWD by default).
Elliott fixed the ifconfig tests on android. General tidying and adding
tests to sed, ls, modinfo. The tar tests broke on github because it
switched to a filesystem that can't do sparse files with 4k granularity,
added a check to skip those tests (and also skip them on MacOS, which
fails for a different reason.)
When a test's name field was blank (meaning the actual test command line
should be displayed as the name) the test plumbing was adding the command
name to the display twice.
The <b>make tests</b> target now defaults to building toybox with ASAN when
not testing an existing binary. (You still have to specify ASAN=1 manually
for individual command tests.)</p>

<p>Fixed <b>demo_utf8towc</b> which had the range check backwards (0x10ffff is
the biggest _output_, not input). The range check was an attempt to avoid
spending a long time going through all 4 billion entries, but wasn't testing
everything it needed to, so now it advances the counter with a bit shift
based on the number of bytes consumed by the match (avoiding large swaths
of redundant checks but still theoretically testing all meaningfully different
4 byte inputs).</p>

<p><u>Build</u>:
Fix return code of verbose mode in scripts/build.sh so <b>make V=1</b> succeeds.
Speed up the MacOS build: their gsed is slow to launch so avoid one repeated call in a
loop, and reimplement the wait $PID codepath because their bash is 17 years old.
The llvm+bionic toolchain warns about printf("  "+FLAG(m)) unless you add an
extra ,0 argument, but gcc+glibc warns if you DO add the extra argument... so
I used the write() system call to avoid the compiler "helping" in a way I
can't make it STOP. Similarly, now that FLAG(u) is always 1 or 0,
<b>size = FLAG(u) ? : sizeof(toybuf)</b>
is either 1 or 4096, which is what I _want_, and the compiler warning about it
is counterproductive. LLVM needs a new -Wno-invalid-source-encoding flag
or else it complains about octal escapes in string constants. (When I want
to put utf-8 in there I can just do so, why would I octal escape it?
Stop "helping".)</p>

<a name="10-01-2023" /><a href="#10-01-2023"><hr><h2><b>January 10, 2023</b></h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p>"Why," Arthur said, "is there a sofa in that field?"</br>
"I told you!" shouted Ford, leaping to his feet. "Eddies in the space-time
continuum!"</br>
"And this is his sofa, is it?"</p>
<p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.8.9.tar.gz>Toybox 0.8.9</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.8.9>git commit</a>)
is out, with prebuilt <a href=downloads/binaries/0.8.9>static binaries</a> and
<a href=downloads/binaries/mkroot/0.8.9>mkroot images</a>
bootable under QEMU (built using a <a href=https://github.com/landley/linux/tree/mkroot-6.1>lightly patched</a> linux-6.1).</p>

<p>The new <b>nbd-server</b> command interoperates with nbd-client to serve
network block devices (using the v1 protocol), and Moritz Weber contributed a read-only <b>git</b>
implementation to pending.</p>

<p><u>Features</u>: New <b>grep</b> fast path for fixed or simple patterns that
don't need the full regex engine (I.E. "^", ".", "$" but not "*" or "[]")
most noticeable when searching for many patterns at once.
Improved <b>tar --xform</b> support parsing flags= and trailing s/// scope
flags (but using --xform now requires toybox sed in the $PATH).</p>

<p>Added <b>sort -C</b>, <b>lsusb -i</b>, <b>netcat -n</b>,
<b>swapoff -a -v</b>, <b>httpd -v</b>, <b>nbd-client -b</b>,
a <b>uname -p</b> stub to mollify package builds,
<b>sleep</b> accepts multiple arguments,
<b>sed</b> now parses interlaced -e and -f arguments in order,
several new options in <b>readlink</b> and <b>realpath</b> (and better
handling of relative paths), and UDP mode in netcat is more useful now:
<b>netcat -u -s 127.0.0.1 -p 9876 -l</b> can type at <b>netcat -u 127.0.0.1 9876</b>
in both directions. (Figuring out when the other side hangs up is an unsolved
problem, but that's UDP for you.)
Elliott added <b>ls -N</b>.</p>

<p><u>Bugfixes</u>: Fixed off by one error in <b>sort -c</b> output,
fixed <b>sed -z</b> and other sed cases where Linux has never obeyed
Posix (N at EOF does a default print, l escapes \n),
<b>patch --dry-run</b> should no longer create or delete files,
<b>gzip</b>/<b>zcat</b> couldn't handle concatenated archives,
the ./configure of gmake 4.3 depends on <b>test</b> treating one argument -a as a synonym for -e,
autodetectiong compression types in <b>tar</b> should be more reliable now
and sanitize weird path corner cases (like .. past /) better,
<b>scripts/make.sh</b> (and thus "make toybox") should no longer truncate log
files stderr is redirected to,
<b>httpd</b> now handles ? and # in URLs,
<b>xxd</b> disables columns for -c 0 and groups for -g 0 (so you can get
a long interrupted string of hex digits out of it), two fixes to
<b>mountpoint</b> (the conversion to same_file() was inappropriate because
the logic isn't quite the same, and -q should also quiet "not found" errors),
fixed <b>httpd</b> not always displaying index.html files instead of directory
contents, fixed <b>comm -</b> not recognizing it as stdin, and multiple fixes to
<b>timeout</b> which now kills process group and thus child processes,
isn't suspended by SIGTTIN, and recursive commands it calls don't
inherit an inappropriate SIGCHLD handler.</p>

<p>Yi-Yo Chiang fixed loopback <b>mount</b> (the recent switch to xrunread()
kept the newline from losetup's output) and added <b>tail +123</b>
(old-style synonym for tail -n +123).
Daniel Mentz added scmversion to the <b>modinfo</b> tag list (Android uses
it for external modules). Alexander Holler fixed <b>su</b> to not require
/etc/shadow when run as root, and nomas2000 reported an inverted test in
<b>date</b>'s check for trailing rubbish. Daniel Mentz fixed an off by
one in <b>grep -f</b> that discarded the last character of the pattern file's
contents. Kelvin Zhang made <b>modinfo</b> better at handling symlinks.
Antoni Villalonga fixed <b>fmt</b> on 64 bit big endian systems (like s390x and
powerpc). Li Cheng fixed <b>mount</b>'s type detection not autodetecting
the need to bind mount files when type "none" was specified in fstab.
Tomasz Sterna reported that <b>modprobe</b> resolving dependencies shouldn't
feed a NULL pointer to the syscall's options arguments (the kernel goes -EWTF),
and Vincent Donnefort made modprobe work when /proc/modules isn't available.</p>

<p><u>Library</u>:
The TOYFLAG_ARGFAIL() exit value is now the default <b>error_msg()</b> sets,
<b>sendfile()</b> now falls back to the read/write loop for any error (not just
EINVAL, the kernel sends ENOSYS and EXDEV and who knows what else),
<b>xgetrandom()</b> can now return arbitrary amounts of data (looping internally
as necessary),
<b>xwaitpid()</b> returns status 127 for cases (like bad PID) which don't
return a status for the PID,
several fixes to <b>xabspath()</b> as part of the readlink/realpath work,
new <b>octal_deslash()</b> to remove octal escapes common in kernel strings
(ala /proc/mounts),
the <b>FLAG_x</b> macros always use a 64 bit type now (so you don't have to
worry about toys.optflags &= ~FLAG_x; blanking the top 32 bits),
replaced memcmp() with new library function <b>smemcmp()</b> to placate ASAN
when returning first difference in known differing arguments of unequal length.
Elliott added three more filesystem types to <b>fs_type_name()</b> which is
used by <b>stat -f</b> and friends.</p>

<p><u>Mkroot</u>:
New <b>scripts/test_mkroot.sh</b> runs each target under qemu to confirm
1) it boots, 2) the block device works, 3) networking works, and 4) the clock is set
reasonably. It runs them in parallel, with an httpd instance on the host to
fetch a file from, and a timeout to detect hangs.
New <b>scripts/root/overlay</b> package copies $OVERLAY directory into
target filesystem, ala <b>scripts/mkroot.sh overlay OVERLAY=$PWD/blah</b>
The init script now mounts any /dev/?da on /mnt and when /mnt/init exists
sets $HANDOFF to that instead of running a shell prompt, so you can provide
automated control images that run code in the emulator automatically. (The
emulator process still when whatever $HANDOFF called exits.)</p>

<p>Some kernel changes finally made it upstream so we can drop workarounds
for them, such as kernel commit
<a href=https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/f8f0d06438e5>f8f0d06438e5</a>
fixing the <a href=https://landley.net/notes-2014.html#13-08-2014>longstanding</a>
"allnoconfig has =y" issue so miniconfig doesn't need to add a magic #comment
line forcing a symbol OFF anymore. The remaining kernel patches (including
several maintained locally but hadn't merged into mkroot) moved to a
<a href=https://github.com/landley/linux/tree/mkroot-6.1>seperate repository</a>
so mkroot.sh doesn't have to call sed on the build snapshot. (They're are also
included in the mkroot binary release directory, and were all submitted to lkml
months if not years ago.)</p>

<p>The host airlock setup (creating the temporary restricted environment
mkroot builds packages in both so they don't pick up strange dependencies from
the host, and to prove the build can use the toybox commands)
removed a bunch of commands (dd, diff, vi, xzcat, ar, nm) no longer
needed by the linux-6.1 build. The kernel patches also remove the need
for gcc (it can use the "cc" symlink all modern distros install, and
autodetects whether that points to gcc or clang) and bc (which is just
<a href=https://landley.net/notes-2013.html#18-05-2013>generally obsolete</a>).
Left those two in for one more release, but NEXT time building a vanilla
kernel without the <a href=https://landley.net/toybox/downloads/binaries/mkroot/0.8.9/linux-patches/0001-try-generic-compiler-name-cc-before-falling-back-to-.patch>gcc removal patch</a>
and <a href=https://landley.net/toybox/downloads/binaries/mkroot/0.8.9/linux-patches/0004-Replace-timeconst.bc-with-mktimeconst.c.patch>bc removal patch</a>
may require you to add <b>HOST_EXTRA="gcc bc"</b> to the mkroot command line
for the airlock build to add extra symlinks to root/build/airlock.</p>

<p>Added a kernel build for powerpc64 big endian,
m68k and powerpc now support "run-qemu.sh -hda file.img", and m68k only
has one /dev/?db (disabled Apple Desktop Bus in the config).
Added basic module support (the kernel build saves modules in modules.cpio.gz
so it can extract them when you rebuild the root filesystem but not the kernel)
and added <b>scripts/root/tests</b> which (among other things) builds two
innocuous modules that depend on each other (fscache and cachefiles) for
modprobe/insmod testing that hopefully won't break anything else. (If
there was a scripts/root/pending/ tests would be in it: it does not actually
run the test suite under mkroot yet, because toysh needs work.)</p>

<p><u>Pending</u>: Elliott made <b>strace</b> build on 32-bit x86.
James Farrell added <b>diff -f</b>.
Alexander Holler fixed two parameter substitution bugs in <b>toysh</b>.
Rob fixed assignment suppression, &amp;&amp; and || parsing, math
priority, a number of ASAN test failures, untangled and commented the
brace expansion logic, and other ongoing shell work.</p>

<p>A large rewrite of diff happened but couldn't be checked in unfinished
because if people are using stuff out of pending, how do you do a pending for
pending? (Meta-pending?)</p>

<p><u>Cleanup</u>:
<b>cksum</b>, <b>od</b>, <b>file</b>, <b>getopt</b>, <b>gpiod</b>,
<b>nbd-client</b>, better output messages for <b>host</b>,
and make <b>base64</b> use line buffering.
Moved -Wno-string-plus-int into portability.sh and had it only apply to
clang. Moved num_cache() out of lib into netstat (its only user).</p>

<p>In the test suite plumbing, $SKIPNEXT was replaced by <b>$SKIP</b> holding
a count that counts down with each test (so you can easily skip a block of
tests). Fixed <b>txpect</b> to actually listen to error code (oops) and to not
complain about multiple X. The old dochroot() and mkchroot() shell functions were removed from
scripts/runtest.sh because they required root access to use (which mkroot
does not). More conversion to use <b>testcmd</b> in individual command.tests
(both to remove workarounds for shell builtins, and to be more concise).
Remove redundant cleanup from several tests (which run as proper child processes
now, and the work directory is deleted and recreated between each, so
individual tests need less cleanup).</p>

<p><u>Portability</u>: More tests now pass on MacOS and FreeBSD
(weird filesystems, root vs wheel group name, dealing with headers that
define stdin as a macro and don't define PATH_MAX, the ancient bash in MacOS
doesn't understand &amp;&gt;&gt;, won't let normal users use "chmod +s",
symlinks don't have all permission bits set, no O_PATH and the Linux definition
is used for something else, and so on), at least half of which Elliott did.
Not sure we've quite got Mac and BSD
doing "gmake test_singlecommand" right yet, but it's a lot closer.
Added all the commands to <b>make bsd_defconfig</b> that compile on FreeBSD 13
(which is no guarantee they WORK).
ASAN=1 should work in more places  now, including <b>make_test_command</b>.
The build uses $CC insted of cc in more places, and doesn't apply $ASAN
for $HOSTCC (the legacy kconfig/ directory stands no chance).</p>

Fedora inexplicably sticks \x09 style hex escapes into the dmesg output and
expects them to be parsed.
Android is still running the test suite under mksh which doesn't
understand bashisms like &lt;(command). LLVM insisted that "ptr - 1" could
never be NULL (demonstrably untrue) and needed some (unsigned long) typecasts
to force it to actually do the math.
Khem Raj aliased timer_settime to timer_settime64 when the first isn't
available. Antoni Villalonga debianized some install paths and added
a bunch of --longopt synonyms for existing options that package builds
use.</p>

<p><u>Documentation</u>: The <a href=help.html>help page</a>
generation logic (toybox help -av) now filter out invisible aliases and
outputs "See command" for visible aliases, plus fixes for broken corner
cases like <b>nohup --help</b>.
The <a href=https://landley.net/toybox/git>local git repo</a>
now has a simple index.html generated by a
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/blob/0.8.9/scripts/git-static-index.sh>small shell script</a>,
linking to the <b>git format-patch</b> files for
each commit, applicable via <b>git am</b>.</p>

<p>There was a
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/pull/244>bug report</a> that specifying the cross compiler prefix twice
includes the prefix twice (ala CROSS_COMPILE=prefix- CC=prefix-cc results in
prefix-prefix-cc) which is what happens when you ask it to do that, yes. It's now
<a href=faq.html#cross>better documented</a>. (See also
<a href=https://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/2202.0/01505.html>this kernel patch</a>.)</p>

<p>Yi-Yo Chiang's losetup fix spawned an email thread where the
android developers <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2022-August/029139.html>explained</a> why Android doesn't (and can't)
use devtmpfs. Rob forwarded a link to linux weekly news to see if he could get
any attention from the kernel guys, but they didn't reply.</p>

<a name="12-08-2022" /><a href="#12-08-2022"><hr><h2><b>August 12, 2022</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>
Huge as office blocks, silent as birds. They hung in the air exactly the same
way that bricks don't.</p>
<p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.8.8.tar.gz>Toybox 0.8.8</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.8.8>git commit</a>)
is out, with prebuilt <a href=downloads/binaries/0.8.8>static binaries</a> and
<a href=downloads/binaries/mkroot/0.8.8>mkroot images</a>
bootable under QEMU (built using vanilla linux-5.19).</p>

<p>No new or promoted commands this time. (Time based releases mean NOT
holding the release to wait for things like that.)</p>

<p>Thanks to Google for sponsoring the project's maintainer to focus on toybox
for a while. (They want a hermetic build, I want Android to build under
Android. Working on it...)</p>

<p><u>Features</u>:
The new <b>timeout -i</b> option kills a command for inactivity (output
to stdout resets the timer).
Basic support for <b>tar --xform</b> (but not yet the special tar-only s///x
options).
--long options now support unambigous abbrevations by default, so you can
go "ls --col" and it'll figure out you mean --color.
Added <b>blkid -o</b> understanding "full", "value", and "export" output
formats. Added <b>nsenter -C</b> (cgroup namespace) and <b>-a</b> (enable all
supported namespaces).
Added <b>mount -R</b> and switched the bind mount default to be recursive
(it still autodetects --bind and --loop mounts based on the source/target type,
all --bind or --rbind do is switch the recursive flag on and off).</p>

<p>Elliott implemented <b>tar --null</b>,
and taught <b>file</b> to recognize some Linux kernel images, and
binaries for Linux's <a href=https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/fa96b57c1490>newly merged</a>
arch/loongarch (a <a href=https://linleygroup.com/newsletters/newsletter_detail.php?num=4623>mips64 variant</a>
from <a href=https://phoronix.com/news/LoongArch-MIPS-Copy-Kernel>china</a>).</p>

<p><u>Bugfixes</u>:
Several cleanups to taskset, mostly due to reviewing it before making
an explainer video, but the review found an inappropriate use of
TOYFLAG_STAYROOT that got fixed.
Argument parsing for <b>unshare</b> and <b>nsenter</b> should now match
debian's (I.E. "unshare -npu" works the same as "unshare -n -p -u" not
"unshare --net=pu").
<b>kill 1</b> no longer says "unknown pid 1: not permitted" (it
says "bad pid" like everywhere else).
<b>test -x</b> and friends now test live access, not permission bits.
(Root ignores a lot of permissions, chmod u-x blocks you from executing your
own file even if g+x and o+x should let you access it, things like selinux can
further break the unix permission model, etc).

<p>In lib/ a fencepost error in <b>chomp()</b> could read one byte past the start of the string, and
<b>xpclose_both()</b> no longer closes the parent's stdin and stdout
when they're explicitly passed through to the child.
In scripts/runtest.sh, moving tests into subshells broke failure reporting with VERBOSE=all.
While "make install" was creating directories when $PREFIX pointed to a
nonexistent directory, "make toybox" didn't even though it tried to place the
output file there.</p>

<p>James Farrell switched the test suite from detecting root via $UID to
$(id -u). (It's not a security issue, this just controls which tests we attempt.
It's another workaround for missing features in mksh.)
Taolaw spotted that httpd could segfault when xabspath() returns NULL
(for error conditions such as infinitely looping symlinks
or "." not resolving when the current directory was deleted).</p>

<p><u>Documentation</u>:
We <a href=design.html>recorded</a> the
move from C99 to the C11 standard, which was actually made a while ago:
the typecast constants we've
been using for a while are a 2011 feature not available in the 1999 edition
of the C standard. (This came up when we had to move to C11's "_Noreturn" to work around a compiler bug in llvm.
Yes __attribute__((__noreturn__)) should be identical, that's the bug part.)</p>

<p>The website's nav bar got updated (among other things, linking to
our <a href=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4VFy3wc1nzq5tUHhiti6fw>youtube
channel</a>), and the FAQ entry on cross compiling got
expanded.
The toys/example commands moved from "make list" to "make list_example"
(since they're not enabled in defconfig either).
The cross compiling example command line in "make help" now sets
LDFLAGS=--static instead of putting that in CFLAGS.</p>

<p>The web archive is back, and since the missing messages were
never delivered (the mailserver trying to deliver them timed out and bounced
them back after a couple days) this means unlike previous failures the web
archive isn't out of sync with reality: the hole was the list actually being
down until Dreamhost tech support figured out what they broke this time.</p>

<p><u>Pending</u>:
More work on toysh: case/esac was confused by nested flow control blocks,
support for [[ &lt; &gt; =~ ]] tests, implemented the rest of the $((math))
operators and support for ((math)) tests and "for ((math;math;math))" loops,
and so on. (The next toysh goal is to get the test suite running under mkroot, but
other stuff keeps coming up.)
James Farrell upgraded diff, adding three line format options and support
for diffing FIFOs.
Rob did several rounds of dd cleanup, then got distracted by diff cleanup
which turned into a complete rewrite of diff.
Neither was ready to promote in time for this release though (although the release
got delayed almost a week before Rob admitted that).</p>

<p><u>Library</u>:
The <b>lib/args.c</b> command line parser now has two optional modifiers
(" " and ";") for each argument type, providing 4 combinations (both unset,
both set, one of each set), and all 4 now have defined semantics and
tests/skeleton.test exercises them. (This was motivated by <b>unshare</b>
needing a new combination to match the debian behavior.)
<b>lib/args.c</b> also added "~" to collate bare longopts (so multiple bare
longopts can be synonyms setting the same flag or argument variable).</p>

<p>New function <b>xrunread()</b> which launches a child function, writes a
string to its stdin, and returns everything the child wrote to stdout as another
string (or NULL if it couldn't run or exited with an error), leaving
stderr alone (so it goes to the same place the parent's goes).</p>

<p>New functions <b>same_file()</b> and <b>same_def_ino()</b> to simplify
file metadata comparisons. (If you're wondering why something so simple should
have a function encapsulating the logic, this release also has at least 3
different bugfix commits for thinkos from switching all the commands over
to use them instead of doing the test ourselves. All missing/extra ! or
&amp;&amp; vs || level stuff.)</p>

<p>The <b>exit_signal()</b> handler now blocks signals so <b>sigatexit()</b> won't
re-enter the list when it receives two different killer signals. (Since
<b>xexit()</b> capture uses siglongjmp() this should clean itself up
when not actually exiting.)</p>

<p><u>Plumbing</u>:
Several warning suppressions due to things like llvm's fortify finding
false positives, gcc's "int and long are identical on 32 bits!" warnings
(yes... they are), the MacOS build being crotchety about vfork()... All verified
non-issues at present.</p>

<p>The build plumbing now puts more effort into resolving dependencies and figuring
out when stuff needs to be rebuilt. This includes noticing when the
toolchain we're building with changes flags, and outputting a warning
when it detects the need to run "make oldconfig" again. (At the moment
calling kconfig/ from scripts/ would be a layering violation: I need to
rewrite kconfig from scratch before it can do that automatically.).</p>

<p>Removed most compile time probes from <b>scripts/genconfig.sh</b>,
replaced with things like #ifdef (_NR_syscall) and
#if __has_include(&lt;utmpx.h&gt;), or acknowledging when a probe is a bug
workaround for a specific libc version and testing for that instead,
plus simply deleting some config options due to the 7 year horizon expiring
so we can trust it to be there now.</p>

<p>Usual batch of musl workarounds for behavior that
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/9a5d7a063c8c>doesn't match</a>
glibc and bionic or where they've been
<a href=https://www.openwall.com/lists/musl/2022/07/27/5>arguing about</a>
stuff for years without actually fixing it.
Ed Maste of FreeBSD added some FreeBSD checks/cases to
lib/portability.[hc], mostly in places we already supported Apple or
OpenBSD.
The top level "configure" is now re-entrant (shouldn't append stuff
to enviornment varibles like $CFLAGS twice when read twice).
The MacOS defconfig now includes a lot more commands.</p>

<p><u>Test suite</u>:
The diff for failing tests is now output after the FAIL line instead
of before, "make tests" now runs tar.test by default,
a new skeleton.test uses toys/example/skeleton.c to exercise the
lib/args.c command line parsing plumbing,
scripts/runtest.sh now uses do_pass and do_fail consistently,
and Rob keeps accidentally checking in bashisms and Elliott keeps submitting
patches to remove them because android runs the tests under mksh and
toysh isn't ready yet.</p>

<p>Work in progress to make TEST_HOST=1 pass on newer debian, which is a moving
target. (The tests didn't change, but the behavior of the gnu utilities
is not consistent. Or standardized. Or coherent. Or predictable. Or sane.)
Some minor changes to commands like <b>xxd</b> and <b>cmp</b> to
make their output look more like what debian's currently producing.</p>

<p>Making the tests pass on MacOS is harder: that calls group 0 "wheel"
instead of "root" (so things like "tar.test" don't get the same result),
stuff like "du" or "ls" often cares what filesystem you're mounted on
(and MacOS hasn't even got the same ones _available_), 
and we even found a mac kernel bug where extending a sparse
file sparsely allocates the previous length as actual zeroed disk space
(ala "truncate -s 3m file; truncate -s 5m file; du file" says it's using
3 megabytes of disk space). There's probably more but
that's where we stopped looking for now: since Rob doesn't have a mac
to test on and the github tests don't reliably run when new commits are
pushed (skipped when the servers are busy), fixing this hasn't
been a priority. Lots of little red X in the github history because of this,
though...</p>

<p><u>Mkroot</u>:
The output file names are now consistent across architectures: each
root/$TARGET directory now contains an <b>fs</b> subdirectory with the
expanded root filesystem, packaged into <b>initramfs.cpio.gz</b>,
a <b>linux-kernel</b> built from <b>linux-fullconfig</b> which is built
from <b>linux-miniconfig</b>, and a <b>run-qemu.sh</b> script to launch
it under qemu. No more architecture name in the filenames (that's what
the directory name is for), and no more "bzImage" or "vmlinux" depending
on what filename the kernel build produced.</p>

<p>The fs/init script has better chroot support (not warning about /dev/shm and
/dev/pts already existing).
The airlock build no longer includes ftpd (you can use
httpd and wget, scp out of dropbear, mount a network filesystem from the
host, or if you really want to still use ftp can match ftpget and ftpput).
When mkroot is downloading extra packages (for example in the dropbear build),
it falls back to the host wget if it can't fetch with toybox's version.
(This is because toybox hasn't got built-in https support yet, it's on the
todo list.)
Updated the dropbear build to the current version and fixed a compiler
path issue.
Fixed version skew in the <a href=http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/2110.3/00278.html>workaround</a>
so the Linux kernel build doesn't require a third ELF package (but only
for x86, not for any other architecture).</p>

<a name="23-07-2022" /><a href="#23-07-2022"><hr><h2><b>July 23, 2022</b></h2></a>
<p>Sorry the mailing list has been down since the 19th, Dreamhost
<a href=https://landley.net/notes-2022.html#22-07-2022>happened
again</a>. (First the web archive was empty, then it was down, then it was
restored from a backup taken before the "upgrade" but was not updating with
new messages, which they denied was an actual problem but now timeout bounce
messages from all the attempts to send to it since it broke have started
coming back saying a path doesn't exist on their server...)</p>

<p>Dreamhost tech support has been informed of the issue a half-dozen times,
and did at least replace the "Currently there are no messages" page with a
backup from before they broke it on the first day. Unfortunately they have yet
to acknowledge anything else is wrong with it since then, and don't seem to
have support staff working over the weekend. This used to be an
<a href=https://landley.net/dreamhost.txt>annual</a>
<a href=https://landley.net/dreamhost2.txt>event</a> for them,
but they hadn't done a truly major breakage in
<a href=#12-21-2015>a while</a>. I _think_ the 11 month gap that last link
mentions is still missing, but the server's down again (or at least timing
out) so I can't check.</p>
</span>

<a name="06-05-2022" /><a href="#06-05-2022"><hr><h2><b>May 6, 2022</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>
The mighty ships tore across the empty wastes of space and
finally dived screaming on to the first planet they came across - which
happened to be the Earth - where due to a terrible miscalculation of scale
the entire battle fleet was accidentally swallowed by a small dog.</p>
<p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.8.7.tar.gz>Toybox 0.8.7</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.8.7>git commit</a>)
is out, with prebuilt <a href=downloads/binaries/0.8.7>static binaries</a> and
<a href=downloads/binaries/mkroot/0.8.7>mkroot images</a>
bootable under QEMU (using vanilla linux-5.17).</p>

<p>Rob also <a href=downloads/binaries/toolchains/latest>uploaded</a>
the prebuilt binary cross and native compilers used to build those
mkroot images (there's a <a href=downloads/binaries/toolchains/latest/README>README</a>
in there), and started producing
<a href=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4VFy3wc1nzq5tUHhiti6fw>tutorial videos</a> explaining the
toybox commands, their implementation, toybox's infrastructure...</p>

<p>The commands <b>host</b>, <b>wget</b>, <b>openvt</b>, and
<b>deallocvt</b> were cleaned up and promoted.
Elliott contributed the new commands <b>uclampset</b>, <b>gpiodetect</b>,
<b>gpioinfo</b>, <b>gpioiget</b>, <b>gpiofind</b>, and <b>gpioset</b>,
and Rob wrote a simple <b>httpd</b> (largely to give wget.test something to
talk to).</p>

<p>One command was removed: <b>catv</b> didn't really serve a purpose
(everybody just uses <b>cat -v</b>).</p>

<p><u>Features</u>:
<b>top</b> can now move the list with the LEFT/RIGHT cursor keys (changing the
sort field is now SHIFT LEFT/RIGHT). Added <b>find -samefile</b>,
<b>cmp -n</b> (and wired up skip1 skip2),
<b>tar --strip components</b> (and tar --owner and --group can now specify :UID and :GID making tar.test more portable),
<b>lsusb</b> and </b>lspci</b> now read /etc/{usb,pci}.ids[.gz] (when
available) to provide human readable device descriptions,
<b>ifconfig</b> can now rename interfaces.
Moritz Weber added <b>wget</b> post support for form data.
In toysh, <b>cd</b> got updated ("cd -" jumps to $OLDPWD,
and cd can now handle deleted directories).</p>

<p><u>Bugfixes</u>:
<b>cp --preserve xattr,context</b> work together now, and
Dario Freni fixed <b>cp --xattr</b> to avoid copying selinux context.
The <b>sort -u</b> option now implies -s, <b>wget -O -</b> now writes to stdout,
<b>pwget -B</b> removes more characters other implementations don't emit,
</b>time</b>'s realtime output was not properly zero padding the fractional
part, and <b>sed</b> now works with multiple w to the same file.
Fixed <b>nl -E</b>, <b>realpath -e</b>, <b>find</b> -newerXY and @time.nanosecond parsing,
Various <b>sh</b> (it handles ${X: -1:1} properly now,
which is not the same as ${X:-1:1} because :- has special meaning).
The <b>hello</b> command in the examples directory now wait for a keypress before
exiting when run as PID 1 (because calling wait() returned "No child process"
immediately.)
The multiplexer's <b>toybox command --help</b> once again shows the command's
help (not toybox --help).
Elliott fixed a strip bug in the MacOS build, taught <b>file</b> not to be confused
by ELF BSS sections but to otherwise detect more invalid ELF files,
and fixed an <b>xargs</b> bug where stdin was inappropriately O_CLOEXEC.
Github user hg42 reported a bug where <b>tar</b> was looping trying to remove ".."
at the start of names.</p>

<p><u>Library</u>:
Taught flags.h to #define its own CLEANUP macros so switching FLAG()
contexts requires fewer steps.
When args.c is just enforcing max/min argument count but collecting no
options, imply "?" so "command -123" isn't an unknown option.
Moved lib/help.c into main.c (nothing else in lib/ had to rebuild
when the config changes which commands are enabled).
The remains of linestack.c were renamed utf8.c, and
toys.h now includes sys/syscall.h so commands don't have to.</p>

<p>Yank things with only one remaining user: moved get_line()
to patch.c, struct str_len to bc.c, and struct ptr_len to ps.c
Removed tty_esc() and tty_jump() wrappers.
Various cleanups to lib/password.c and lib/tty.c.
Removed the PEDANTIC_ARGS config option which just set a macro that was never
used, xsignal_all_killers() now takes SIG_DFL as the reset value instead
of explicitly checking for NULL,
chomp() now removes any number of trailing \r\n, and it's now safe to
llist_pop(0) just like dlist_pop(0).
LongPing Wei improved support for copy_file_range().</p>

<p><u>Build</u>:
If you don't set $PREFIX, <b>make install</b> now defaults to $PWD/install
(which does not require root access to write to, and you can tar up your
pile of symlinks from there).
More command sub-options removed (NETCAT_LISTEN and CAT_V).</p>

<p>Some of the uglier scripts/make.sh plumbing moved into scripts/portability.sh
(which should now be safe to source twice),
and moved almost all config varible definitions to "configure" now. The
new $GENDIR variable theoretically lets the "generated" directory live
somewhere else (not very tested yet).
Various tweaks to scripts/make.sh to try to avoid unnecessary rebuilds
and library probes when toolchain and config haven't changed.
Added -Wno-pointer-sign to $CFLAGS because passing an unsigned char * to a
function that expects char * is not a problem.

<p>The airlock install in scripts/install.sh had the $PENDING items sorted
into "started" and "not started". Add git and bash to $PENDING (used
out of $PATH by --version and the powerpc64le build, respectively).</p>

<p><u>Cleanup</u>:
Removed the lib/linestack.c plumbing (which was never finished and hadn't
been touched in years).
Merged lspci.c into lsusb.c (so they can share config file reading
infrastructure), and merged chvt/deallocvt into openvt.c.
Minor cleanups to ping, fsync, ionice, pmap, truncate, timeout, tty,
factor, mount.
Went through and replaced \033 with \e in strings (since clang supports
it and \033 is just awkward). Added LL to constant 0 in the FLAG macros
to prevent gcc from warning that 0&lt;&lt;32 might produce 0.
Moved llvm's -Wno-string-plus-int into configure instead of probing
for it, since gcc no longer dies when asked to suppress an unknown warning.</p>

<p><u>mkroot</u>:
the ANSI escape to undo QEMU's wordwrap bug is now in both the init script
and launch wrapper script (so wordwrap isn't broken while running the
emulated system, nor if the emulated system fails to run).
If devtmpfs was already mounted on /dev, we still need to create dev/pts.
The init script now includes the linux kernel bug workaround to enable ping
support. The armv7 target enabled CONFIG_ARM_LPAE in the kernel to work around
around <a href=https://bugs.launchpad.net/qemu/+bug/1790975>a QEMU bug</a>
that's gone unfixed for 4 years. Enable network support in m68k target.
The mcm-buildall.sh script got some minor updates, and the resulting
cross and native compiler binaries are now downloadable so you don't have
to run the build if you don't want to.</p>

<p><u>Docs</u>:
"toybox --help" no longer says "see toybox --help".
There's an ANSI escape cheat sheet at the start of lib/tty.c.
Reworded some command directory READMEs, and tweaked menuconfig display.
Converted www/doc/mount.html and www/doc/ext2.html from text to html.
Freshened up design.html a little (and fixed some typos pointed out by
Peter Ennis).
Replaced the git internals video URL in roadmap.html with a different
performance of the same talk that hasn't been made private.
Added the kconfig-language.txt from Linux-2.6.12 to the kconfig/ directory.</p>

<a name="30-11-2021" /><a href="#30-11-2021"><hr><h2><b>November 30, 2021</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>
Busy? We'll I've just got this bulldozer to lie in front of or otherwise it'll
knock my house down but otherwise no, not especially, why?</p>
<p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.8.6.tar.gz>Toybox 0.8.6</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.8.6>git commit</a>)
is out, with prebuilt <a href=downloads/binaries/0.8.6>static binaries</a> and
<a href=downloads/binaries/mkroot/0.8.6>mkroot images</a>
bootable under QEMU (using vanilla linux-5.15).</p>

<p><u>Make root</u>: The <a href=faq.html#mkroot>system builder</a> got upgraded, with better
logging and layout of the output directory, plus <a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/blob/0.8.6/scripts/mkroot.sh>scripts/mkroot.sh</a>
should be easier to read and understand now.
(Also added basic support for the <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2021-August/012497.html>qualcomm hexagon</a>,
although it just builds a chroot filesystem, you can't boot a hexagon kernel under qemu
<a href=https://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/qemu-devel/2021-07/msg06430.html>quite yet</a>.)</p>
</p>

<p><u>New commands</u>: Rob added <b>linux32</b>.
Dan Brown added <b>sha256sum</b> (and the related 224/384/512 variants).
In pending, Elliott contributed <b>strace</b> and
Moritz Röhrich contributed <b>hexdump</b>.</p>

<p><u>Features</u>:
Elliott added <b>date -s</b>, <b>pmap -p</b>, <b>tail -F -s</b>, <b>kill -0</b>,
<b>reboot/halt/poweroff -d</b>, taught <b>file</b> to
recognize Mach-o universal binaries, made Android's <b>log</b>
take input from stdin when it has no arguments, added <b>tail --bytes --lines</b>
(the --long synonyms for -c and -n),
added <b>i2cdetect -q</b>, taught <b>i2cdump</b> to write XX for
read failures, made <b>timeout</b> use the monotonic clock,
and modernized the output of <b>uptime</b>.</p>

<p>Rob added <b>find -quit -lname -ilname</b> and <b>-d</b> as a synonym for -depth,
taught <b>cut -d $'\n'</b>
to cut by line and added posix <b>cut -nb</b> (which wraps to the start of -c
utf8 characters), added <b>cpio --ignore-devno --renumber-inodes</b>,
taught <b>cal</b> to use 3 arguments (day month year), added <b>tar --selinux</b>
support and a "had errors" message at the end, made <b>uname -o</b>
say "Toybox", and fixed the <b>grep -Fw</b> combination (used by the 64 bit
powerpc kernel build).</p>

<p>Ella-0 added <b>split -n</b>. Peter Collingbourne added <b>grep -L</b>.</p>

<p><u>Outside world</u>: The 0BSD license is <a href=https://lwn.net/Articles/868882/>now part</a> of the
<a href=https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/>ISO-5962</a>
standard. Of the currently <a href=https://github.com/search?q=license%3A0bsd&type=Repositories&ref=advsearch>38k 0BSD licensed projects on github</a> toybox
isn't even the most popular, it's fourth.</p>

<p>Elliott asked that toybox's <b>cut -DF</b> feature (a cheaper
alternative to <b>awk '{print $3}'</b> be supported by other packages so
it might someday make it into posix, so Rob
<a href=http://lists.busybox.net/pipermail/busybox/2021-June/088886.html>submitted it to busybox</a>
where it was <a href=https://git.busybox.net/busybox/commit/?id=0068ce2fa0e3>eventually merged</a>.</p>

<p>Added a local <a href=https://landley.net/toybox/git>git mirror</a> for
those reluctant to trust Microsoft Github.</p>

<p>In the web nav bar, our <a href=https://isfreenodedeadyet.com/>freenode</a>
channel moved to libera.chat
(like <a href=https://boingboing.net/2021/05/19/freenode-irc-staff-quit-after-new-owner-seizes-control.html>everyone else's</a>;
<a href=https://lwn.net/Articles/856543/>there</a>
<a href=https://hackaday.com/2021/05/20/freenode-debacle-prompts-staff-exodus-new-network/>was</a>
<a href=https://twitter.com/marcan42/status/1396280769778098185>a</a>
<a href=https://twitter.com/mjg59/status/1396237336988446722>certain</a>
<a href=https://www.devever.net/~hl/freenode_abuse>amount</a>
<a href=https://twitter.com/TwitchiH/status/1395756163527028739>of</a>
<a href=https://twitter.com/joepie91/status/1395364883303182339>drama</a>
<a href=https://twitter.com/RichFelker/status/1404816846734385164>involved</a>).</p>

<p><u>Pending</u>: lots more work on <b>toysh</b>: it has basic $((math)) support
now, += assignment, the "declare" command and corresponding variable
types (declare -i, declare -u, etc), several bugfixes, greatly
improved support for background processes on NOMMU systems, and a bunch
more sh.test entries.</p>

<p>Elliott fixed <b>modprobe</b>'s parsing of short lines. Rob fixed a
division by zero error when <b>vi</b> tries to edit a zero length file.
Anqi Dong made sure that syslogd messages sent to sockets end with a
newline. Eric Molitor significantly upgrade <b>wget</b> with http 1.1,
chunked encoding, and (external library) https (TLS 1.2) support,
plus several bugfixes. Michael Hope fixed <b>tftpd</b>'s option parsing.</p>

<p><u>Documentation</u>: The roadmap.html and status.html pages
got noticeable updates. (status.html is now directly generated by
scripts/mkstatus.py, the old status.html wrapper that server-side-included
status.gen has been removed).
The <a href=design.html>design</a>
page provides better links to the LP64 documentation, and the
<a href=code.html>code</a> page explains a corner case where the filename
and first command name expect to match (and how to work around it if they don't).
Some website files weren't in the repository: two jpegs linked from html
files, and the www/.htaccess file that triggers the server side includes
in the navigation menu is now checked in. Johannes Schmitz fixed a
typo in about.html.</p>

<p>The <b>shred</b> usage line now includes all options.
The <b>logwrapper</b> command now warns when it isn't built standalone.
The <b>help</b> command no longer shows a header line about toybox unless
it's called with no arguments. (It still shows it for command --help.)
The --help option no longer needs to be the first option, and is
checked before the "Not root" error message for restricted commands.</p>

<p><u>Bugfixes</u>:
Elliott made <b>ps</b> exit with status 1 if no processes were shown (for LTP),
fixed an off-by-one in <b>dmesg</b> and a bounds check in <b>netstat</b>,
fixed <b>pidof -s</b>, and taught <b>rmmod</b> to handle multiple arguments.
Denys Vlasenko pointed out that <b>free -t</b> is "total" not "terabytes".
Samanta Navarro pointed out a leftover 32 bit limitation in argument groups.
Mikhail Kashkarov fixed mkdir's error handling for existing directories
without -p.
Rob fixed the 32 bit <b>readelf</b> build on Android, fixed a race condition
in <b>tar</b> leading
to the occasional spurious archiver warning,
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/127cff38809e>changed cp</a>
to work around a posix violation in the kernel, made xparsedate() handle more
whitespace and ignore trailing + or - (a NOP timezone), made <b>su</b> log the
right username, switched getuid() checks to geteuid() in <b>df</b> and <b>ping</b>,
fixed a place in the test suite where do_test()
could get confused by symlinks in the $PATH (calling realpath too early
and losing the name of the command being run),
made <b>env -i</b> use the old $PATH to run its command,
and made <b>grep --color</b> highlight all matches.</p>

<p>Worked around a bug in glibc+gcc 9.3 where linking against librt.a
(for things like timer_create()) pulls in libgcc_eh.a which uses
threads, meaning you can't statically link against librt.a from
a non-threaded app. (I hadn't noticed because it works fine with the musl
and llvm/bionic toolchains, only fails statically linking on e.g. debian.)
The <a href=https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/d18760560593>kernel fix</a> for the cpio encrypted filesystem issue worked around in 0.8.5 made
it in. Similarly, the
FS_IOC_{GET,SET}{VERSION,FLAGS} ioctl family are <a href=https://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-api/msg49101.html>historically broken</a>
(taking an unsigned int argument while advertising signed long),
which <a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/dcfac5c983ad>we fixed</a> and reported upstream to a long
round of bikeshedding (sadly
the result seems to have been the man page maintainer
<a href=https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/docs/man-pages/man-pages.git/commit/man2?id=3de87d46840d>giving up</a>
on documenting ioctls at all.</p>

<p><u>Cleanups</u>:
<b>cut</b> switched to FLAG() macros and no longer allows -f with -F,
<b>eject</b> uses FLAG() macros and the linux/eject.h header,
prettycool@protonmail added tabs to <b>time</b>'s output, and Rob removed
the floating point dependency from time. Minor cleanups
to lsattr, lspci, nsenter, xxd, file, insmod, modprobe, arp, bootchartd, pmap,
comm, lsof, blkid, crond, init, userdel, makedevs, and scripts/make.sh.
The "int fd = fd;"
initialization hack to shut up gcc's "may be used uninitalized, but isn't" false
positive warning has been replaced by a QUIET macro that resolves
to nothing on llvm (which doesn't have the gcc bug).
Ryan Pritchard reported a bug where <b>alias ls="ls --color"</b> would prevent
--help or --version from being the first argument to the command, which was
a pain to fix without breaking things like <b>echo -- --version</b> and
<b>basename -s --help file--help</b>.
(Both toy_singleinit() in main.c _and_ get_optflags() in lib/args.c now
check for those.)</p>

<p><u>Infrastructure</u>:
xabspath() now has a more granular (flag based) control interface.</p>

<p><b>scripts/make.sh</b> now uses wait -n (available since bash 4.3 in February 2014)
to keep the processors busier during a parallel build.
Tests are now running in a subshell, which means functions and local
variables defined in one don't pollute others during "make tests".

<p>Guo Chuang reported that lsattr won't build on an 8 year old version of
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/pull/292#issuecomment-899895909>centos</a>,
which is still supported for 2 more years because Red Hat can
be paid to have a 10 year support horizon, longer than toybox's 7. Rob
fixed it (and merged a similarly ancient compilation failure fix when
building pending/ip.c against a 3.10 kernel),
but the <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2021-August/012537.html>philosophal argument</a>
remains <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2021-September/012603.html>unresolved</a>.</p>

<p>Standalone builds can now override the .config file location with
KCONFIG_CONFIG same as the multiplexer build. scripts/single.sh can
now cope with a missing .config file (it uses the defconfig values
for the CONFIG_TOYBOX_* global symbols).
"make install_airlock" no longer needs host versions of sha256sum and sha512sum.</p>

<p>In the test suite, <b>VERBOSE=spam</b> now shows expands successful tests
like it would for errors.</p>

<p><b>scripts/record-commands</b> got updated and logwrapper got renamed <b>logpath</b>.</p>

<a name="19-05-2021" /><a href="#19-05-2021"><hr><h2><b>May 19, 2021</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>It was of course a descendant of these eccentric poets
who invented the spurious tales of impending doom which enabled the people of
Golgafrincham to rid themselves of the useless third of their population.
The other two-thirds stayed firmly at home and lived full, rich and happy lives
until they were all suddenly wiped out by a virulent disease contracted from
a dirty telephone.</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.8.5.tar.gz>Toybox 0.8.5</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.8.5>git commit</a>)
is out, with prebuilt <a href=downloads/binaries/0.8.5>static binaries</a> and
<a href=downloads/binaries/mkroot/0.8.5>mkroot images</a>
bootable under QEMU (using vanilla linux-5.12, except that s390 needed another
<a href=http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/2105.2/02904.html>perl
removal patch</a>).</p>

<p>This development cycle had thirty commits to sh.c fixing bugs and adding
features to <b>toysh</b>. Shell functions and local variables are now implemented,
along with the "set" builtin and trace support, and job control is
about halfway in. The shell as a whole is <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety%E2%80%93ninety_rule>maybe 80% done</a>, but still
has some obvious gaps like $((math)) and interactive command line
history/editing, plus a bunch of testing.</p>

<p><u>New commands</u>:
Moritz Röhrich added <b>pwgen</b> and <b>base32</b>, and
Elliott Hughes added <b>unicode</b>. The
<b>readelf</b> command got promoted out of pending, and
<b>sha3sum</b> is now switched on in defconfig.</p>

<p>Michael Christensen added <b>chsh</b> to pending, which hasn't been promoted
yet because it's part of a group of commands (useradd, userdel, groupadd,
groupdel) that should all be promoted together at some point
(and depend on lib/passwd.c, which could use some more work).</p>

<p><u>Upgrades</u>:
<b>cpio</b> now supports extracting multiple concatenated archives.
<b>file</b> now recognizes android's new XML binary format.
<b>devmem</b> now works on nommu, can handle 0x prefxes on the address,
and prints
hex or decimal output to match the address type.
<b>df</b> -a now shows overmounted filesystems.
<b>test</b> -k checks the sticky bit.
Added -t to <b>install</b>, <b>cp</b>, and <b>mv</b>, and -u to <b>cp</b>
and <b>cpio</b>.
<b>find</b> -executable checks that _we_ can execute them (u+x could be owned
by a different user or have selinux weirdness).</p>

<p>Elliott added several features to <b>date</b> (--iso, %:z output format, and
--utc as a synonym for -u), added a <b>sed</b> s///x option,
added units to <b>ulimit</b> output, and
made several UI changes to <b>hexedit</b> including a color
mode (which is now the default, press x to toggle between old and new
display), masked out the file type in <b>chmod</b> error messages and
taught it to handle complex modes (like u+s+s), 
hardened <b>file</b> and <b>readelf</b> against invalid input,
added a portability.h workaround for macos statvfs for <b>df</b>,
enabled line buffering in <b>echo</b> and <b>yes</b>,
and significatly sped up <b>tr</b>. Rob similarly optimized <b>seq</b>
and <b>count</b>.</p>

<p><b>make tests</b> now defaults to VERBOSE=fail (and now has VERBOSE=all to
continue after failure, and VERBOSE=quiet to show FAIL: lines without
diff -u output).
Cleanups to tee, netstat, file, and df. Added "static" annotations in a
lot of commands, made more things use FLAG() macros. Ethan Sommer pointed out
an unnecessary wrapper function in chgrp.
In pending, Elliott did some cleanups and bugfixes to gettty, telnet, telnetd,
tftpd, init, modprobe, and dd, and added more features to vi.
Rob did some cleanup on modprobe.</p>

<p><u>Bugfixes</u>:
Yi-Yo Chiang fixed a <b>rm</b> bug where -f could get confused by read
only filesystems and produce an error trying to unlink a nonexistent
file, pointed out <b>install</b> -D was broken when the target file
already exists, pointed out a <b>cpio</b> interaction with certain encrypted
filesystems where readlink() wouldn't write as much payload as the header
promised (corrupting the archive) and fixed another cpio bug where -t test
mode would chown() files, and fixed quoting in mount.test.
Elliott fixed a sequencing issue in <b>setsid</b>'s system calls,
fixed some <b>sed</b> tests (sed's lie-to-autoconf --version
output was preventing toyonly tests from triggering) and
fixed <b>tar</b>'s base 256 output for very large files.
Nir Lichtman pointed out that <b>rm</b> -p shouldn't try to rmdir / at the end,
Luke Frankart pointed out a typo that broke <b>test</b> checking file modes,
Firas Khalil Khana fixed a duplicate entry in the roadmap,
Ethan Sommer fixed <b>install</b> -Dt,
Andy Hu requested that <b>mount</b> handle mixed options like
-tnomsdos,smbfs.
Denys Nykula reported a <b>chmod</b> regression,
asm89 pointed out a <b>netcat</b> bug writing transactions larger than
4k,
Daniel Santana fixed <b>df</b> combining -P and -k,
Robin Hsu fixed <b>grep</b> getting confused by libc setting errno when
a library function call succeeded.
Puck Meerburg taught the <b>gunzip</b> code not to be confused by FEXTRA entries
(as described in RFC 1952) and added a test suite entry for that.</p>

<p><b>find</b> handles empty arguments properly now (with test), <b>date</b>
-I with no arguments no longer segfaults, <b>grep</b> -f /dev/null no
longer adds a "" regex matching everything, -z no longer splits patterns
on \n, and -o can print zero length matches,
<b>cp</b> -t works with one argument and with --parents.
<b>readelf</b> displays properly in 80 columns and doesn't reject .bss
off end of file, and <b>sed</b> s///2 now works when there isn't more than one
match.
<b>tar</b> now removes empty directories where it wants to put a non-directory.
<b>microcom</b> sets serial device terminal attributes correctly.</p>

<p>The prebuilt x86-64 binaries shouldn't segfault on older x86-64 processors
anymore (workaround for gcc bug).
Cross compiling was sometimes confusing install.sh because it created
a hyphenated "toybox-$TARGET" and then tried to make symlinks to just "toybox".</p>

<p><u>Build</u>:
CONFIG_TOYBOX_I18N went away: toybox builds always support utf8 now.
Ella-0 added OpenBSD support (but not a separate defconfig, try
"make freebsd_defconfig").</p>

<p><u>Library</u>:
utf8towc() is now unsigned instead of wchar_t, matching wctoutf8().
xclose() tests if fd is -1 so the caller doesn't have to.
txpect (the test suite's built-in "expect", implemented in shell) can
now do regex matches, and sh.test uses this.</p>

<p>Elliott added the failing regex to the xregcomp() error message, and
made multiple portability tweaks (header tweaks to build in more
environments, running tests on Raspberry Pi OS and under mksh,
fix utf8 locale selection on macos).</p>

<p><u>Docs</u>:
<b>chmod</b>'s help text explains why o+s doesn't set +t (and has a
test for it). The <b>echo</b> help text is more compact.
Checked in a better conversion of <a href=https://landley.net/toybox/toycans.png>toycans.png</a>.</p>

<a name="24-10-2020" /><a href="#24-10-2020"><hr><h2><b>October 24, 2020</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>
"We are now cruising at a level of two to the power of twenty-five thousand to
one against and falling, and we will be restoring normality just as soon as we
are sure what is normal anyway."</p>
<p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</blockquote>

<p>After a longer and slightly more
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/07a896862ddf>turbulent</a>
development cycle than some,
<a href=downloads/toybox-0.8.4.tar.gz>Toybox 0.8.4</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.8.4>git commit</a>)
is out with new commands <b>sha3sum</b> and <b><a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/6b4c32ae3986>watchdog</a></b>.</p>

<p>There are <a href=downloads/binaries/mkroot/0.8.4>prebuilt mkroot binaries</a>
now, tiny toybox linux systems for a dozen architectures, all bootable under
qemu. (The vmlinux in each tarball is a vanilla linux-5.9 kernel built
from the included config file.)</p>

<p>The FAQ got <a href=faq.html>noticeably larger</a>, and the README has
more links. New command features include the <b>sed -s</b> flag,
<b>cpio --no-preserve-owner</b> now affects archive creation,
Elliott added <b>tar -I</b> and multi-type
<b>find -type a,b,c</b> support, Mark Salyzyn added <b>xargs -P</b> to
run parallel jobs, the <b>ps</b> and <b>top</b> commands
now autodetect pid length, and <b>top</b> adjusts units for memory display based on
system size.</p>

<p><u>Toysh and toyroot</u>:
lots of new work on <b>toysh</b>: 29 commits to sh.c since last release, adding 1500
lines and deleting 700, plus a bunch of sh.tests entries). Since last release
we implemented wildcards, case/esac and select, brace expansion sequences
(ala {1..10..2} and {a..z}),
the remaining variable slice types ${a#y} ${a%y} ${a^y} ${a,y}
${a/search/replace}, the "<b>source</b>" shell builtin,
the start of job control, and several bugfixes.
Plus the standalone "<b>make sh</b>" build understands MAYFORK now. It's
still missing features like functions() and $((math)) but it's getting
close to usable now.</p>

<p><u>Documentation</u>:
Some of the README contents moved to the FAQ, and the README's "presentations"
section got some new links. Several new <a href=faq.html>FAQ</a> entries explaining things like
mkroot ("how do I build a working Linux system
with toybox"), cross compiling (how to get/setup the 2 compilers and
3 libc we regression test against), and "where does toybox fit into the
linux/android ecosystem".
The "toybox --help" output now lists the project's web page (<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/issues/50>by request</a>).
Elliott removed
getevent (an android board bringup/hardware debugging tool built by running
a python script against kernel headers, not really in scope for toybox),
fixed xargs help formatting, and taught the toybox multiplexer's
command list output (and "kill -l") to measure the current the terminal width
when wordwrapping (previously hardwired to 80 columns).
If you're curious, I checked in my <a href=www/release.txt>release procedure
checklist</a>, and
fixed a stale link in the nav bar on the left ("statistics" changed domains).
Firas Khalil Khana fixed some issues in the roadmap, and Rob
tweaked the roadmap so status.html is slightly more current.</p>

<p><u>Tests</u>:
The "make tests" target now fails if any of the tests it ran failed.
Lots of TEST_HOST tests got fixed (checking for specific error messages exposes
TEST_HOST to version skew, and scripts/test.sh will now skip TEST_HOST
commands that aren't installed) and added toyonly annotations as necessary
(replacing most uses of SKIP_HOST).
Eric Molitor added automated github tests on MacOS and Ubuntu using their
"workflows" thing.
The clang asan plumbing slows some code down more than 10 times, so some testing timeouts were expanded.

<p><u>Pending</u>:
Eric Molitor did a bunch of work on route: moved it to sbin, added xsend and
xrecv, taught display_routes() and setroute to use the rtnetlink API and
do hostname lookups, added support for mss, win, and irtt, merged ipv6 and ipv4
codepaths with autodetection of address type, implemented RTA_CACHEINFO
support, switched exit paths to perror_exit(), and removed unused code.
Ethan Sommer fixed warnings in dhcpd, removed a bunch of unnecessary
; after GLOBALS() blocks and an unnecessary return in df.
Erik Moqvist fixed dns setting in the dhcp client.
Rob did some cleanup on bootchartd, traceroute, getty...
Elliott fixed getty to reliably update utmp.
Chris Sarra added ipv6 support to wget.
Ariadne Conill submitted several small fixes from testing Alpine Linux with
toybox, and Antoni Villalonga i Noceras fixed typos in error messages.</p>

<p><u>Bugfixes</u>:
Elliott avoided sign extension in devmem, and Ethan Sommer switched it from
getpagesize() to posix sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE).
Elliott fixed chmod -R
ignoring dangling symlinks, fixed stty <a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/issues/251>misparsing c_iflags</a>, fixed the chattr f2fs test with
compression enabled, taught blkid not to show empty tags, taught xparsedate()
to read date's default output format, fixed a recent echo -e \0 regression,
changed cpio -p parsing to match a <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2020-August/011955.html>bug</a> in the gnu version
which an existing script <a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/fa1af3b085cc>depended on</a>,
and switched hwclock back to looking
only at /dev/rtc0 for <a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/70e2232ce61c>reasons</a> involving kernel version skew and vendor bug reports.</p>

<p>David Legault pointed out that unescape2() (and thus echo -e) wasn't handling
\0 right.
Khem Raj reported that mips glibc doesn't have SIGSTKFLT, leading to
a build break if we assume glibc behaves consistently, which led to a bunch of
macos signal portability cleanups from Elliott.
William Djupström fixed tar extracting long file paths, adding hardlinks
to an archive, and reported that --exclude wasn't working.
Peter McConalogue pointed out that cp/mv -i prompt should
default N, and mv should only prompt when stdin is a tty.
Patrick Oppenlander made rtcwake and hwclock default to UTC if /dev/adjtime
isn't available, suggested watchdog catch SIGINT, and caught an
uninitialized offset in blkdiscard which gcc apparently didn't.
Ryan Pritchard reported that <b>file</b> wasn't getting gif heights right,
and Elliott added gif version output so TEST_HOST provided similar output.
Martin Stjernholm fixed <b>cp -P</b> to not follow symlinks and updated
the help text to say it's not the default.
Antoni Villalonga added more --long asiases to <b>chgrp/chown/rmdir</b>.

<p>The symlink indirection code subtly broke xexec() so it would still try to call
a builtin when given a path to a command (fixed now).
The code to trip \n off xgetline() was using the length of the allocation
instead of the length of the read.
Netcat no longer leaks sockfd into child processes.
Patch "fuzz" support was outputting context lines from the hunk, not the
file. Chrisrfq fixed i2cdetect parameter reading.
Chris Sarra taught dd not to throw an error trying to truncate device files,
added a misshing fflush() to lib/password.c, fixed a parse error in logger
preventing local facility logging from working right, taught init
to reload inittab when it receives SIGHUP, and fixed a memory leak in tar.</p>

<p><u>Library</u>:
New xvdaemon() function daemonizing on nommu systems, to wean commands
off daemon() which requires TOYBOX_FORK.
Teach sendfile_len() to use copy_file_range() when available, with compile
time probe. Fix xsignal_all_killers() to install the correct handler.
Rob switched dirtree_path() to a non-recursive implementation, and
taught dirtree that a top level entry named "" is equivalent to
"." but should not show up in dirtree_path(),
read_password() now reads from tty device rather than stdin, and handles ctrl-c and ctrl-d, and
human_readable() now has HR_NODOT so it can print single digit numbers without going "0.0".
Petri Gynther increased the vmstat column sizes so it didn't fit
in 80 columns anymore.
Elliott added UTC offset support to xparsedate().</p>

<p><u>Infrastructure</u>:
mkroot now only passes --no-preserve-owner to cpio (so initramfs files
belong to root rather than whichever user ran the build) when using toybox's
version, because the other one is brain-damaged and errors out not
understanding it. (It understands it for extract, but not create. Yes really.)
New PENDING variable you can set to enable more than just sh and route out
of pending.
The "make distclean" no longer deletes root_download (where mkroot's "extra plumbing"
file saves source code downloads it tarballs, such as dropbear).</p>

<p><u>Cleanup</u>:
Cleanup openvt (35 lines added, 78 lines removed)
Cleanup blkdiscard so lib/args.c parses the -o and -l numbers, which means
32 bit systems are limited to 2 gigabyte sizes which is a TODO item systemwide.
oneit now uses flag macros and mentions -rn in the help. demo-utf8towc
now has main.c call setlocale for it.
Some cleanup on stty.</p>

<a name="11-05-2020" /><a href="#11-05-2020"><hr><h2><b>May 11, 2020</b></h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p>Ford: Ah. A
<a href=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSsR419HBpQ>towel</a>.
Keep this and guard it with your life.</p>
<p>Arthur: Huh?</p>
<p>Ford: Listen, it's a tough universe. There's all sorts of people and things
trying to do you, kill you, rip you off, everything. If you're going to
survive out there, you've really got to know where your
<a href=towel.jpg>towel</a> is.</p>
<p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Despite everything <a href=downloads/toybox-0.8.3.tar.gz>Toybox 0.8.3</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.8.3>git commit</a>)
is finally out, with new commands <b>rtcwake</b> from Elliott Hughes and
<b>blkdiscard</b> from Patrick Oppenlander.
The big news is "<b>make root</b>" now boots to a shell prompt,
with toysh making it all the way through toyroot's init script.
(Some people were looking forward to <b>patch --fuzz</b> support too.)</p>

<p><u>Toyroot</u>: <b>make root</b> now does what it says on the tin, it
builds a bootable toybox-based Linux system using two source
packages (toybox and linux). The trivial version is "make root &amp;&amp; sudo chroot
root/host/fs /init". Here's
a <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2020-April/011667.html>post with instructions</a> if you want to know how to build the
cross compilers for testing the various architectures. The self-contained
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/blob/0.8.3/scripts/mkroot.sh>script
that builds a simple bootable Linux system</a> is 250 lines long, and
should be easy to read if you want to know how it works.</p>

<p>It also has basic module support, meaning arguments that aren't X=Y variable
assignments are the names of scripts to run to build more
packages at the end of the build. I checked in an <a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/blob/master/scripts/root/dropbear>example package</a>,
and there's generic "download and extract source tarballs"
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/blob/master/scripts/root/plumbing>plumbing</a> available to such modules.
(The Makefile doesn't know how to pass module names through to the script,
so instead of "make root" you have to
call the script directly, ala "scripts/mkroot.sh CROSS=sh4 LINUX=~/linux dropbear".)</p>

<p>The resulting root filesystem now uses /root as the home
dir for UID 0, and creates /dev/fd and /dev/shm in devtmpfs. The build works
around a kernel
build bug where "make distclean" doesn't work in a "cp -sfR" symlink
directory. (The bug meant if you pointed LINUX= at unclean source, it was
unhappy, so now it distcleans the source directory before copying it. This
modifies said source directory, which is not ideal, but as usual the kernel guys
<a href=http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/2002.2/00083.html>ignored
the bug report</a>, so a workaround was required.)
The CROSS=all build announces each target in the title bar, puts
its logs into root/log, and has better trap handling to stop with one
ctrl-c.
Since last release it uses a more concise config format for the various kernel
arch targets (which shrank the script by about 50%), and merged
the old (now removed) scripts/cross.sh into the main script so
"make CROSS=armv7l LINUX=~/linux" is
literally just a call to "scripts/mkroot.sh CROSS=armv7l LINUX=~/linux" now.</p>

<p>As for <b>scripts/mcm-buildall.sh</b> building cross compilers,
of COURSE gcc 8.3 requires a different configuration to build the same
toolchain as previous versions, it's gcc. It now builds a proper
nommu libc for sh2eb without a broken fork() call in it that can never
be used but prevents compile-time probes from detecting nommu,
and checks that the cross compiler completed before trying to build
the native compiler.</p>

<p>This was all tested with a recent
<a href=https://github.com/richfelker/musl-cross-make/commit/5086175f2902>version</a>
of musl-cross-make with the top level Makefile
edited to use BINUTILS_VER = 2.32 because the newer one
<a href=https://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-sh/msg56844.html>breaks the kernel
build</a>
and LINUX_VER = 4.19.90 because the default musl-cross-make config uses an
out-of-tree headers package for some reason (those who forget history are
<a href=https://lkml.org/lkml/2006/4/28/194>doomed to repeat it</a>) which
breaks m68k and s390x. I won't post binaries of the resulting toolchains
because they're GPLv3, but <a href=https://musl.cc/>Thalheim might</a>.
(I've also <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2020-May/011673.html>test built</a>
with the Android NDK, but bionic's startup code currently segfaults before
calling main() if it can't open /dev/null, and the kernel guys
<a href=https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/9/13/651>ignored my patches</a> to
make CONFIG_DEVTMPFS_MOUNT work in initramfs.)</p>

<p>At the moment toyroot cheats and uses two commands out of pending: toysh
is about 80% of the way to being useful but still missing some
obvious features like function support, job and terminal control, command
history, $((math)), wildcard expansion... plus a lot of bash features like array
variables, so it isn't out of pending yet. And route needs to be redone to use the
netlink interface that can handle multiple routing tables. For the moment
scripts/mkroot.sh adds both of them to defconfig if you haven't already
got a .config when you run it. (If you build and can't boot, your .config
probably hasn't got CONFIG_SH switched on. Fix it in menuconfig, or
rm .config and try gain.)</p>

<p><u>New toybox features</u>:
Elliott taught <b>patch</b> to understand [FILE [PATCH]] arguments, made
<b>cal</b> highlight the current day, added -T to <b>cp</b>/<b>mv</b>,
did a lot of work on <b>lsattr</b>/<b>chattr</b> (including adding -p
and "chattr ="), added tar --absolute-names, taught <b>id</b> to
support numeric lookup and handle unknown groups, made -G show all
groups, and removed context= from -Z.
Rob added <b>patch -F</b> (fuzz factor) support and <b>help -u</b> (usage only),
taught <b>echo -e</b> about bash extensions like \uXXXX unicode escapes,
<b>netcat -L</b> no longer automatically includes stderr (new -E
option does that),
<b>setsid</b> now uses -c (like the man page says) instead of -t, and added
-w (wait) and -d (detach from tty). 
Andrew Ilijic added <b>ls -w</b>, removed trailing whitespace on output,
and added tests for -C and -x.</p>

<p><u>Library</u>:
another fix to 32 bit option parsing of long long optflag values,
remove getdirname() and just use the libc function (which modifies
its argument, but we don't have to free a malloc),
dlist_terminate() can now be called repeatedly on the same list,
new relative_path() function finds path from one directory to another,
and readfd() works like readfile() but on an already open fd.
Use MPATH macros in mkpathat(). Elliott added macOS versions of
dev_minor()/dev_major()/makedev() to portability.c,
implemented posix_fallocate() for macOS, removed a
leftover uClibc workaround in fallocate that was breaking macOS,
and moved the table of ELF architectures from file to lib/lib.c (so
readelf can share).
Park Ju Hyung pointed out the fast path of fdlength() was commented out,
and we switched it to the 64 bit API while we were there (and then Elliott
added macOS support).
Joeky taught file to recognize 7z archives.</p>

<p><u>Pending</u>:
The shell got a bunch of work: standalone "make sh" now includes the
multiplexer for builtin commands like "exit" and "cd". Added MAYFORK annotation
for commands that exist in the $PATH but can also be run within the shell
process (and sometimes have different behavior within the shell):
currently applied to help, echo, false, kill, printf, pwd, test, time, and
true.</p>

<p>Elliott added new commands <b>getopt</b> and <b>readelf</b>.
Jarno Mäkipää taught wget how to follow http 301 and 302 redirects,
and did lots of work on vi. (Elliott also did work on vi.)
Gavin Howard fixed a comparison bug in bc.
Ethan Sommer fixed numerous small issues (including several build
warnings and FLAG() macro conversions).</p>

<p><u>Bugfixes</u>:
<b>tar</b> extract now deletes files and symlinks where it's making a directory,
<b>find -L -type -l</b> now finds dangling symlinks, extra #ifdefs in
portability.h prevent old gcc versions from barfing on __has_include(),
xgetline() now returns NULL at EOF, tee with no arguments was
writing to stdout twice, setsid works on nommu (I.E. vfork) now,
<b>netcat -L</b> no longer accumulates zombie processes,
<b>sntp</b> now uses adjtimex instead of adjtime (to build on bionic).
xcreate_stdio() was checking WARN_ONLY in the wrong field (and tar was
passing it in the wrong field, so it worked there).
Several people wrestled with the <b>xargs</b> "argument too long" problem.
Alessio Balsini fixed memory leaks in loopback_setup() and "wayling"
added a missing continue to losetup.
Elliott fixed xargs -E, various things in modinfo,
added an error check to gzip when using zlib (which copies non-gzip data to
the output verbatim for some reason),
found an case where dirtree could use
uninitialized data and silenced "Invalid argument" warnings (triggered by
Android's selinux policies making stat() and readlink() fail),
fixed locale support in macOS (both in iconv
and in main.c), taught stat to show filesystem time on macOS,
fixed a 32 bit truncation in sntp, fixed a memory access one byte outside
of its array in patch.c, removed the cpio --trailer option,
and widened the pid display fields in ps to
6 digits. Rich Felker fixed find.c assuming
time_t is a long (y2038 issue on 32 bit).
Greg Kaiser fixed a thinko in get_block_device_size().
Jarno Mäkipää fixed utf8 support in cut -C, and cp --parents.
David Legault complained that dir/.* tells rm to delete dir/.. and we'd do it.
JakeSFR pointed out a bug in file's identification of broken symlinks.
William Haddon fixed cp to treat a directory with a trailing slash
teh same as one without.
Denys Nykula fixed rm -i not to prompt for an empty "" argument.
SebiderSushi reported that chmod g+s wasn't working.
The linux kernel doesn't let an O_PATH fd work with fgetxattr(), so
Elliott switched <b>ls</b> to use the path-based functions now (which is racy,
it means you can stat() one inode and get the xattrs for a different one,
but nobody in kernel land seems to use xattrs much so they're not fully
supported by the API, and who's crazy enough to use xattrs for security
anyway). Derick Pallas pointed out an xclearenv() bug.
Atatsulo (or possibly luolongjuna) did a lot of work on the <b>ping</b>
command: pointed out min/range/max were out of order,
that we shouldn't print a summary unless we received at least one
reply packet, and implemented ttl support.</p>

<p><u>Build plumbing</u>:
The "make root CROSS=all" build announces each target in the title bar, puts
its logs into root/log, and has better trap handling to stop with one
ctrl-c.</p>

<p>Fixed scripts/single.sh to work when PREFIX has no trailing slash,
make silentoldconfig no longer feeds "y" to kconfig (which puts menus in a
loop) and instead just feeds in newlines to accept whatever the default is.
The non-git version number I keep forgetting to update each release moved
from main.c to toys.h.
Fixed a couple different errors in mkflags.c (one of which caused ls --color
to set all the other flags).</p>

<p>Elliott added more macos support and tests, and added
fallocate, cp, mktemp, and mv to the macOS defconfig.</p>

<p><u>Cleanup</u>:
Rob did some cleanup on xargs, ls, md5sum, and sort, tidied up main.c a bit,
made cp, base64, dmesg, and free use FLAG macros,
and switched fallocate to new style global names.
Elliott Hughes switched rfkill from the old byte at a time get_line()
to libc getline(), made du use FLAG() macros, and mad chattr use
standard toybox argument parsing for -v and -p.
Several commands (help, cp) had sub-options removed from menuconfig.
Merged realpath into readlink.c, and use xabspath() instead of libc realpath().</p>

<p><u>Documentation</u>:
New roadmap section about <a href=roadmap.html#packages>other packages</a>
that toybox can (eventually) replace.</p>

<p>Update roadmap to note that posix-2008 moved to a different URL (content
at the old URL undergoes random changes), and link to the IETF RFCs.
design.html explains more of the history of environment sizes on links
and has a #bits anchor tag.</p>

<p>Update the <a href=design.html#bits>LP64 section</a> of design.html to
fish the documents out of archive.org now that unix.org is gone,
and show the actual size table locally.</p>

<p>Elliott improved the help of <b>date</b> and <b>chattr</b>, and
made the usage: lines in the posix directory more consistent.</p>

<p>Shrank the sed help from 150 lines to 90-ish.</p>

<p><u>Tests</u>:
New "txpect" performs interactive tests, running through a sequence of
writes to a command's stdin and reads from stdout and stderr, when failing it
reports the first non-matching step. (This for example lets sh.test check
the shell line continuation logic prompts with $PS1 and $PS2 appropriately
with various unfinished input lines, and that "echo hello; if" doesn't
output hello before prompting for the next line of input.) Added
VERBOSE=xpect to print out each read and write successfully performed by txpect.</p>

<p>runtest.sh only creates an "input" file when the input argument isn't empty,
EVAL doesn't supply -- (you have to provide your own if you want that).</p>

<p>Rob added basic <b>stat</b>, <b>patch</b>, and <b>tee</b> tests.
Jarno added a bunch of <b>vi</b> tests.
Elliott fixed tests for <b>ifconfig</b>, <b>lsattr</b>, <b>chattr</b>,
and <b>date</b>, added tests for find, id, xargs, and made
the id, iconv, env, file, printf and cat tests work on macOS (and skipped
the du tests there). Rob cleaned up chmod tests.</p>

<p><u>Sheer pedantry</u>:
true and false now have usage: lines (which you have to "help false" to see
because they (intentionally!) don't support --help.
Renamed get_chunk()/dump_chunk() to read_chunk()/write_chunk() in tail.c
Elliott fixed some typos.</p>

<a name="18-10-2019" /><a href="#18-10-2019"><hr><h2><b>October 18, 2019</b></h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p>"In those days spirits were brave, the stakes were high, men were real
men, women were real women and small furry creatures from Alpha Centauri
were real small furry creatures from Alpha Centauri."
</p> <p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.8.2.tar.gz>Toybox 0.8.2</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.8.2>git commit</a>)
is finally out (only two months late).</p>

<p>The new commands this time are minor variants of existing ones
(<b>dnsdomainname</b> is hostname -d, <b>arch</b> is uname -m), but about
1/3 of toysh got implemented in pending, <a href=https://github.com/landley/mkroot>mkroot</a> got merged as a "make root" target (see Build),
and Android's <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2019-August/010845.html>hermetic build</a>
work continued resulting in a lot of fixes.</p>

<p>The android-specific <b>getprop</b>, <b>setprop</b>, <b>start</b>, and <b>stop</b>
commands were removed from toybox because they grew dependencies on android
libraries, and since toybox tries to avoid mandatory external dependencies
they moved to another package.</p>

<p><u>Build</u>:
The new "make root" target builds a simple toybox root filesystem,
using scripts/mkroot.sh which is a stripped
down version of the external <a href=https://github.com/landley/mkroot>mkroot</a>
project merged into toybox. (Alas, at the moment it wants sh and route out
of pending, which aren't quite load bearing yet.)</p>

<p>The new "scripts/mcm-buildall.sh" convenience script builds cross
compilers based on gcc+musl multiple targets (arm, x86, mips, m68k, s390,
microblaze...)
using <a href=https://github.com/richfelker/musl-cross-make>musl-cross-make</a>,
and a new scripts/cross.sh to easily cross compile for one or more targets
using the resulting compilers. (This works with "make root", "make
toybox", and other builds understanding the CROSS_COMPILE environment variable.)</p>

<p>Setting the environment variable ASAN=1 enables the
llvm address sanitizer. (You may need to
export ASAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH on debian to use it, they add the version number to
the filename in /usr/bin which confuses llvm.)</p>

<p>Patrick Oppenlander fixed make -j (our make is a wrapper around
scripts/make.sh which was already doing a parallel build, but if you called
make with -j it wouldn't wait for make.sh to finish and the build broke).</b>

<p>Lots of fixes for the MacOS build.</p>

<p><u>New options</u>:
We upgraded <b>tar</b> to extract some older tarballs, <b>file</b> added -b and -s
options and can also recognize older tarballs,
some xz archives, .otf fonts, perf/simpleperf data files,
android boot images, and dtb files. Upgraded <b>file</b> to show the device type
for block and char devices, the target for symlinks, and it says _why_ it can't
open a file.</p>

<p>Several commands ignore some options rather than erroring on them:
<b>patch</b> ignores the -f -g# and --no-backup-if-mismatch options
(all of which we were already doing by default anyway), and <b>xargs</b>
ignores -P# (which requests parallel execution, maybe add it later but
single threading works), and Denys Nykula made <b>wget</b> ignore
--no-check-ceritificate and <b>gzip</b> ignore -n (again, we weren't doing
either anyway) to satisfy pkgsrc.</p>

<p>William Haddon taught <b>diff</b> and <b>patch</b> to support special characters in path
names (via quoting) and more timestamp formats.
Eric Molitor implemented <b>nl</b> -v (with negative and zero starting values),
and fixed a MacOS compatibility issue in the build scripts.
Tom Cherry added <b>netcat</b> -U (UNIX domain socket support).
Denys Nykula taught <b>wget</b> to call ftpget for ftp:// URLs.
Ethan Sommer added ln -t and rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty.
Elliott Hughes added <b>grep</b> -R, <b>killall</b> -w, tar --mode,
 fixed <b>ls</b> -Z and spacing in -lZ and --full-time,
added <b>xargs</b> --max-args and removed xargs -I (which we never actually
supported) and tweaked the size calculation to more closely match other
versions,
added xargs -o and made -p read from /dev/tty, added <b>blkid</b> -s, SEC_TYPE for ext3,
msdos, and ntfs, f2fs and ntfs LABEL, fixed vfat/ntfs UUID, and switched
the endianness for UUID of msdos/ntfs/vfat, simplified the octal mode
display in <b>lsof</b>, added <b>pidof</b> -x (thus making the default behavior _not_
be -x).</p>

<p>When readdir() succeeds but stat() fails, <b>ls</b> now prints "??? ? ? filename"
entries instead of "cannot access" errors. (Still trying to make ls / on
android work more gracefully with the SELinux weirdness they added in 9.)</p>

<p>Added %C to <b>stat</b> and made it show device type in its default output,
<b>cmp</b> now works
with 1 argument (implicit - as second argument reading from stdin).
<b>sed</b> added exit codes to the q command (q123), added Q, and fixed a
bad error message with "!".
Removed TAIL_SEEK config option (it just always does that now),
<b>find</b> grew several new options (%Z, -true, -false, and -newerXY), <b>ln</b> added -T.
The argument to <b>mktmp</b> --tmpdir is now optional.</p>

<p><u>Bugfixes</u>:
The unshare probe bit-rotted so it was impossible to build <b>unshare</b>
and <b>nsenter</b> on some distros.
Commit 771e94e2a08 broke toybox's ability to say "unknown command" when
you pointed a symlink at it that it that didn't correspond to a command,
pointing a symlink at another symlink
to make toybox run a command under a name it doesn't recognize
(ln -s toybox sh; ln -s sh ash) had an off by one error,
<b>ifconfig</b> no longer error_exits if the "read mac address" ioctl fails (Android N
and later block that for non-root users to prevent device tracking).
When the libcrypto library was disabled, md5sum was building commands it
hasn't got built-in support for yet (like sha3sum) which acted like redundant
copies of md5sum,
<b>tar</b> wasn't correctly reading or writing sparse files with a hole at
the end, and tar tzf blah.tar.xz was calling xz when it meant xzcat,
<b>xargs</b> would spuriously fail on large memory systems (due to a missing
"unsigned" in a typecast),
<b>basename</b> can now remove suffixes starting with a dash,
<b>cp</b> -r unlinks() an existing symlink before trying to
recreate the symlink (otherwise cp -r into an existing directory will
try to follow the existing symlink and create another symlink at its
destination, failing if a file already exists there, which
was confusing gentoo's package manager), <b>timeout</b> now produces the
right exit code when the timed command intercepts the exit signal,
and <b>hostname</b> -d no longer segfaults on machines with no domain name.</p>

<p>Denys Nykula fixed the <b>ftpget</b> freeze (it was sending REST instead
of RETR), made <b>mv</b> work with a trailing slash in the source,
fixed a <b>find</b> segfault,
and made <b>env</b> always exec rather than recursing to a builtin
(on the theory #!/usr/bin/env is expected to search the $PATH).</p>

<p>Elliott improved <b>killall</b>'s handling of long filenames, made <b>kill</b> work
when killall5 is disabled (missing FORCE_FLAGS), fixed error reporting in
<b>hostname</b>, fixed several things in <b>xargs</b>,
made <b>printf</b> \c and \0 octal escapes work, fixed a <b>find</b> -name corner
case (find src/*.c -name file.c) and find dangling symlink behavior,
made some <b>rm</b> error messages consistent, fixed \x behavior in echo and
printf, fixed linestack.c's buffer length for utf8 U+XXXX escape printing,
fixed a race in <b>losetup</b>, fixed <b>grep</b> -F with multiple matches on the same
line and an -I failure in the existing grep tests, made <b>readlink</b> notice
when it has more than one argument, and made various
fixes to <b>modinfo</b>.</p>

<p>Ethan Sommer reported that <b>stat</b> of an suid/sticky file output 5 digits of
octal stat date instead of 4.
Rob fixed an unaligned access in <b>grep</b>. Alessio Balsini removed an incorrect
null termination in <b>losetup</b>.
Jarno Mäkipää fixed <b>hexedit</b>
scrolling up and down on older terminals, and fixed <b>ls</b> segfaulting with a broken
(non-UTF8) locale (didn't expect wcrtomb to return -1).
Andrew Ilijic made ls put 2 spaces between columns like other implementations
(which helps when terminals get confused and apply UTF8 combining characters
to the space after a filename).
</p>

<p><u>Library</u>:
Added dlist_lpop() to use a dlist as a stack (it removes the last entry
instead of the first), and dlist_pop() now works on a dlist_terminate()d list.
DIRTREE_STATLESS returns entries we couldn't stat() (with a zeroed ->st
field, and ->again |= 2), but filling in the file type from readdir().
Coversions between signal names and numbers now include all the Linux signals,
not just posix ones. The functions sig_to_num() and num_to_sig() moved into
lib/portability.h, because MacOS has different signals.
TOYFLAG_MAYFORK allows commands to run in toysh's process without forking,
but also makes them accessable from the toybox multiplexer or standalone.
A MAYFORK command has to clean up after itself (even in error paths) and
can't discard anything we need to keep (such as closing stdout).</p>

<p>Elliott did a big xbind/xconnect cleanup (adding xbindany and xconnectany),
taught xregcomp that an empty regex matches the whole line
(because FreeBSD, and thus MacOS, doesn't already do that), and
replaced several uses of get_line() (which does single byte reads)
with getline() (which doesn't).</p>

<p><u>Plumbing</u>:
"make clean" doesn't produce a screenful of unnecessary output now,
rm, ln, cp, kill, and netcat use the FLAG() macros now, makedevs uses the new
GLOBALS naming format, timeout now uses xwaitpid(), and we fixed an
off by one error in xwaitpid().</p>

<p>Elliott removed a workaround for old NDK versions from getconf and
moved sort off of get_rawline() (which let us remove it).
Rob undid some loop unrolling in md5sum/sha1sum (we have libcrypto if you want
an assembly optimized version instead of an understandable version).</p>

<p>Android ndk-r20 doesn't define the __ANDROID_NDK__ symbol, so we switched
to using clang's __has_include() (which is an undefined macro and thus a NOP
resolving to false on gcc).</p>

<p><u>Pending</u>:
Rob did a lot of work on toysh: continuation support works (it knows when to ask
for another line of text and when to run what it's got), as do
nested if/else/elif statements, and while and for loops (supporting "for i"
and "for i in", but not for ((;;)) yet).
It parses pipes and redirections but doesn't perform them yet.
The next big todo chunk is environment variable resolution.
</p>

<p>Gavin Howard fixed some bugs in bc, such as not returning error when raising
zero to a negative power.
Jarno Mäkipää continues to extend vi, adding yank and push, support for tabs,
rewriting delete, changing the drawing code, etc. Elliott also added several
fixes and features to vi,
fixed host to cope with large DNS responses, switched crontab to
use getline(), did work on man, fixed fixed several things in dd,
implemented diff --strip-trailing-cr and made diff not need /tmp.
Mike Bennett added extended attribute support to ip.c's route change.</p>

<p><u>Test suite</u>: The killall and pgrep tests were having occasional
spurious failures due to a race condition (the test script would fork()
to call sleep and for just a moment there were two instances of the test
script, reporting an extra process if killall or pgrep ran then).

<p>Elliott Hughes did a lot of work on the test suite: add kill -l tests,
make losetup.test notice (and skip) if loopback
devices area already in use, blkid.test can TEST_HOST e2fsprogs blkid now,
modinfo.test notices (and skips) if there's no /proc/modules or modules
directory, ifconfig.test skips if "dummy0 up" fails and disabled the
pointtopoint tests entirely (the kernel never supported it?),
truncate.test is less
confused by SELinux, hostname.test can run some tests as non-root,
addressed a race condition in killall.test on slow systems,
made chgrp.test, chown.test, and tar.test handle an empty /etc/passwd or /etc/group
(we were checking whether they were _there_ but some android devics have
empty ones),
fixed a couple things in env.test, extended killall.test to explicitly cover
long and short names (and not assume the shell is /bin/sh), taught split.test not to rely on bash process substitution,
added missing TZ=utc to touch.test,  fixed cp.test to pass for root
or with a restrictive umask, and fixed the FAILCOUNT arithmetic to use more portable
$(()). Elliott also made some tests more flexible (find.test can handle any
error message about symlink loops, etc), and disabled others (such as du)
when SELinux is enabled.</p>

<p>Rob taught testcmd not to use the shell builtin for TEST_HOST unless there
isn't one in the $PATH, work if $PWD has a space in it,
and make kill.test stop testing the shell builtin
insead of the command, quieted tests that were producing output
other than their PASS/FAIL line, and made NOSPACE tests ignore the
presence/absence of leading/trailing whitespace as well as differences
in the amount of space.</p>

<p><u>Documentation</u>:
The <a href=roadmap.html>roadmap</a> got freshened up a bit, with updates
for android from Elliott.
In <a href=design.html>the design page</a> the Features section starts with
4 new paragraphs about the scope of toybox, and a new License section talks
about 0BSD.
The "./toybox --help" output now explains how to do install_flat by hand.</p>

<p><u>Sheer pedantry</u>:
Elliott fixed a double close in loopfiles_lines() so strace doesn't
have an EBADF in it, and added a missing "static" in lib/net.c.</p>

<a name="21-05-2019" /><a href="#21-05-2019"><hr><h2><b>May 21, 2019</b></h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p>"I like the cover," he said. "'Don't Panic.' It's the first helpful or intelligible thing anybody's said to me all day."</p> <p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.8.1.tar.gz>Toybox 0.8.1</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.8.1>git commit</a>)
is out.</p>

<p>Android is now using toybox as part of a <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2018-November/009824.html>"hermetic" build</a>
(meaning Android is building under toybox, which is halfway to Android
building under Android). See Android's <a href=https://android.googlesource.com/platform/prebuilts/build-tools/+log>build-tools</a> and <a href=https://android.googlesource.com/platform/build/soong/+log>soong</a> repositories to follow along with development, or check the list for the <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2019-May/010485.html>current status</a>.</p>

<p><u>New commands</u>: Isaac Dunham added <b>mcookie</b>, which is used by
X11. Elliott Hughes added <b>devmem</b>, which replaces toolbox's "r".</p>

<p><u>Promoted</u>: <b>tar</b>, <b>gunzip</b>, and <b>zcat</b> were cleaned
up and moved out of pending.
Tar is a near-rewrite with support for --owner --group and --sparse,
capable of autodetecting "wget blah.tar.bz2 -O - | tar xv", a --restrict option
that only allows files to extract into a single subdirectory, and so on.</p>

<p><u>Added to pending</u>:
Jarno Mäkipää contributed a new <b>vi</b> implementation. Makepost added
<b>man</b>.</p>

<p><u>Updates</u>: Elliott added <b>find</b> -wholename/-iwholename, -printf,
and -context, <b>grep</b> --exclude-dir, and <b>echo</b> -E.
Rob added <b>blkid</b> -U and -L, <b>mount</b> now has UUID= support via blkid -U,
you can now specify TZ="blah" in the <b>date</b> -d input string (although
why the double quotes are required is an open question), and <b>sed</b> now
understands ,+N relative ranges. Makepost added <b>rm</b> -v.
The human_readable fields in <b>ps</b>/<b>top</b>/<b>iotop</b> now use all
available space to show more precision, <b>iotop</b> displays swap bandwidth
properly (it was showing a signed field as unsigned), and
<b>touch</b> -t and -d autodetect the time format.</p>

<p><u>Cleanups</u>: In pending Rob did some bc cleanup,
Colin Davidson did some arp cleanup, 
Uros Prestor fixed route argument parsing, and
in bc Daniel Rosenberg fixed bc_vec_concat()'s allocation and
Gavin Howard fixed an overflow bug in bc_num_ulong().</p>

<p>Elliott made scan_key() detect cursor keys and such with several more
terminal types, made more better about directories and non-tty output,
cleaned up inconsistent uses of ARRAY_LEN(), taught file
to recognize a c-sky ELF machine, and fixed timezone and daylight
savings time issues in date and its tests.
Rob simplified netcat and ping using new lib/net.c infrastructure.
When run as non-PID 1 (for a chroot) oneit's exit code now indicates
which signal it's exiting due to.
Hadrian Węgrzynowski #defined constants for mkpathat.
Date now uses the current time for unspecified fields (instead of zeroing
them), and should set the weekday properly.
Sort's -k2.3,4.5 syntax is now documented and behaves more closely to
other implementations (silly as that behavior is).
Significant speedup to sed s/a/b/g on a megabyte long line (it was
O(n^2) and now it's quite snappy).</p>

<p>Several cases of warning about stdout failing to write were silenced
because things like piping the output to head means stdout is a special
case: its output is often discarded and that's fine. And xprintf()
and friends only checks stdout for errors so it can exit early ("yes | head"
should not spin endlessly) without actually flushing anything.
There's an ongoing design debate about line buffering stdin and stdout
that'll have to be resolved next dev cycle.</p>

<p><u>Bugs</u>:
Elliott sent in a lot of fixes for building AOSP with toybox:
support for more date formats, sed substitution of empty capture groups
and an endless loop with -EPIPE, fixed find -path/-ipath, made loggit()
only feed LOG_AUTH to syslog when we have a tty, gave grep a bunch
of --longname synonyms for short options, added getfattr --only-values,
and timeout --foreground --preserve-status and --signal.</p>

<p>Top got a lot of tweaks: it no longer collates thread's CPU usage into the
parent thread (in -H mode), hides the cursor in interactive mode, updates the
display properly in batch mode, and accepts ENTER
as a synonym for SPACE when refreshing the display. The header lines
now abbreviate long numbers with units (via human_readable()),
more reliably spans the terminal width, and says "Thread" instead
of "Task" when it's showing threads. The task/thread count now adds up
(understanding more kernel states and treating unknown ones as "sleeping").
Top now treats -o "" as an error (previously it displayed an empty screen).</p>

<p>William Djupström pointed out login needs to chown() the tty, and made it
clear the environment when -p is absent.
Vidar Holen fixed inverted find -exec exit status.
Rob made chgrp() stop relying on libc's printf("%s", NULL) printing "(null)"
because a <a href=https://github.com/varnishcache/varnish-cache/issues/2879>newly added gcc bug</a> turns that into a build break, and
fixed an outright embarassing xstrndup() bug.
Liwugang fixed a segfault when stat's format string had a trailing %.
A missing else in grep meant -x was sometimes ignored.</p>

<p><u>Infrastructure</u>:
in the build scripts/portability.sh now tests that the compiler it's trying
to use exists up front. We no longer link against librt because on glibc that's
pulling in libpthread for some unknown reason.</p>

<p>TOYFLAG_ARGFAIL() lets commands return custom exit values when option parsing
fails (because AOSP build scripts cared), so timeout --unknown returns 125
and so on: chroot, diff, cmp, env, grep, nohup, and sort also use it now with
various values.</p>

<p>New FLAG() macros: FLAG(x) expands to (toys.optflags&FLAG_x) and returns
zero if the command line argument's bit isn't set and nonzero if it is
(meaning -x was or wasn't encountered on the command line this time by
lib/args.c). Lots of commands got converted to use them.</p>

<p>New lib/env.c with reset_env(), xsetenv(), and xunsetenv() which frees
the old environment variable when it wasn't inherited from exec(). This
lets long-running loops reset environment variables without memory leaks.</p>

<p>New xnotify() plumbing in lib/portability.c with Linux and Mac versions
(which should also work on BSD).</p>

<p>New xparsedate() and xvali_date() functions allow date, tar --mtime, and
touch to understand the same date formats,
xpopen_both() now knows how to use existing filehandles for the child's
stdin/stdout, and no longer redirects stderr (which hides errors),
new nanomove(), nanodiff(), union socksaddr, xrecvwait(),
and human_readable_long() to show more than 3 digits of output.</p>

<p>Taught xgetaddrinfo() to return a wildcard address for a NULL host,
xconnbind() sets SO_REUSEADDR by default,
fileunderdir() returns the abspath to the file now (since we had to work
it out anyway), and
xabspath() uses O_PATH now (because Android's SELinux rules got more aggressive).</p>

<p>Several new xsendfile() variants, including sendfile_len() to copy
a specific amount of data and xsendfile_pad() to append zeroes to the
output when there isn't enough input.</p>

<p>regexec0() is now using libc's REG_STARTEND supported by every libc out
there _except_ musl. (It originated in BSD and was adopted by glibc, bionic,
and uClibc 15 years ago, and is also supported in macosx. Musl's maintainer
<a href=https://www.openwall.com/lists/musl/2013/01/15/26>turned down</a>
the feature request as an invalid use case he didn't think they should
be trying to do.)</p>

<p><u>Docs</u>:
the <a href=license.html>license page</a> now has an SPDX identifier, and links to more
history/context. The actual LICENSE file had its title line removed
so <a href=https://github.com/github/choosealicense.com/pull/643#issuecomment-463746027>github could recognize it</a> as 0BSD. (We're still waiting for
"<a href=https://github.com/github/choosealicense.com/pull/643#issuecomment-464380789>a while</a>" to pass before github actually does, though.)</p>

<p>A new www/doc/mount.txt file describes how mount works under the covers.</p>

<p>Rob consistently misspelled "canonical" and "millisecond", mountpoint
has a synopsis now,
Kevin van der Kamp fixed a typo in netstat's help text, and Elliott
Hughes fixed typos everywhere and made the tense, capitalization, and
punctuation of help text more consistent.</p>

<p>New paragraph in the code style part of design.html explaining that
"char* a, b;" is not how C works, and since you wind up with "char *a, b;"
anyway you might as well say that.</p>

<p>Given dreamhost's tendency to repeatedly delete the mailing list
archive, the nav bar on the left links to a backup web archive now too.</p>

<p>The FAQ now says why we do time based releases.</p>

<p><u>Testing</u>: Added VERBOSE=nopass to not show passing tests.
The test suite now does an rm -rf on testdir between each command so
debris files don't accumulate.
New skipnot function skips the next test if a command line fails, and
toyonly function only runs command when we're testing the toybox version
of command. (This isn't the same as TEST_HOST, the host version could be
toybox.)
The find -newer test calls "sleep .1" to avoid intermittently failing with an
identical timestamp.
Elliott added the start of a file.test rogues gallery.
No longer call lsattr in "make tests" because the behavior differs by
filesystem and it needs fixing somehow.</p>

<a name="08-02-2019" /><a href="#08-02-2019"><hr><h2><b>February 8, 2019</b></h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p>"Most readers get as far as the Future Semiconditionally Modified
Subinverted Plagal Past Subjunctive Intentional before giving up; and
in fact in later editions of the book all pages beyond this point have
been left blank to save on printing costs."</p>
<p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.8.0.tar.gz>Toybox 0.8.0</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.8.0>git commit</a>)
is out.</p>

<p>Toybox now builds on MacOS and FreeBSD, thanks to the efforts of Elliott
Hughes and Ed Maste respectively. Use the "make macos_defconfig" and "make
freebsd_defconfig" targets to enable the set of commands that compile on
each so far.</p>

<p><u>New commands</u>: Added an <b>sntp</b> client/server (RFC 4330 Simple Network Time
Protocol, a compatible subset of ntp). The <b>test</b> command was rewritten
and promoted out of pending.</p>

<p><u>New options</u>: <b>grep</b> now has --color, supports embedded NUL bytes in its input,
recognizes binary files, and passes all of grep.test (in case you
needed the middle numerical field of -bB, etc).
Josh Gao added ipv6 and UDP support to <b>netcat</b>.
Volodymyr Medvid reported that install -d doesn't honor -o or -g.
Elliott Hughes did a lot of work to support hermetic Android/AOSP builds:
<b>mkdir</b> accepts both --parent and --parents as synonyms for -p, <b>touch</b> ignores -f,
<b>basename</b> added -s to remove a trailing suffix, <b>dirname</b> now supports multiple
arguments, <b>cmp</b> accepts --quiet and --silent as synonyms for -s, <b>hostname</b>
added -sfd, <b>head</b> added --bytes as a synonym for -c and --lines as a synonym
for -n, <b>mktemp</b> added -t and fixed -u, <b>sed</b> added -z and -iEXT to keep backup files,
<b>md5sum</b> and sha1sum added --status and --check as synonyms -s and -c,
<b>readlink</b> added --canonicalize as a synonym for -f, <b>sort</b> grew -V,
<b>patch</b> added -s its synonym --quiet, <b>stat</b> added --format as
a synonym for -c, <b>xargs</b> added -p -t -r,
Eduardas Meile asked
that <b>umount</b> ignore -c. Reverend Homer added a small optimization to file.c,
and Elliott taught <b>file</b> to recognize riscv ELF binaries. Peter Collingbourne
taught <b>ls</b> -t to use the nanoseconds field.
<b>patch</b> has better support for patching a file with a tab in the name.</p>

<p><u>Bugfixes</u>:
<b>cp</b> --preserve was segfaulting when you didn't specify _what_ to
preserve (it now correctly defaults to "mot") and didn't get the permissions
right when copying a symlink's contents as a regular file,
<b>sort</b> -x didn't work when
attached to a key, <b>host</b> didn't allocate a big enough buffer for worst
case ipv6 address size, <b>sed</b> needed a ; between b and } when other
implementations don't (we're already well past what posix says but a script
out in the field broke...),
and several fixes to <b>hostname</b> in a container, <b>ps</b>/<b>top</b> were
misreading the VIRT and SHM fields.</p>

<p><u>Pending</u>: Gavin Howard updated <b>bc</b> and added more tests,
Marius Adaskevicius pointed out <b>mdev</b> -s should follow symlinks,
Yangchun Fu reported a <b>dhcp</b> checksum bug, <b>modprobe</b> needed errno reset
to avoid reporting spurious errors in verbose mode and no longer
exits with status 1 if it can't find /etc/modprobe.conf, the <b>more</b> command
wasn't always flushing stdout when it exited.</p>

<p><u>Build</u>:
<b>chrt</b> no longer #warns about the musl sched_get_priority_min() bug, but
instead works around it.
We were mixing setjmp/siglongjmp (harmless in some contexts but it kind
of annoyed FreeBSD), and
make install_airlock now adds sha256sum (because the Linux 4.20 build now
needs that for the s390x target).</p>

<p><u>Coding style</u>:
Rob converted the rest of the option GLOBALS() to the new single letter
coding style, and the new FLAG(x) macro is a slightly tidier way to say
"toys.optflags&amp;FLAG_x".
Removed CFG_SORT_BIG (the sort command always
has the full functionality now. The general future direction or toybox
is to either have a command or not have it; multiple versions of the
same command aren't worth the complexity in testing, documentation,
or system adminstration).</p>

<p><u>Library code</u>:
The mkflags plumbing can now support arbitrary punctuation as option
names via an escape syntax (because mkfs.vfat specifies an offset with -@),
and lib/args.c now only sets FLAGS_NODASH when the first argument
didn't have a dash (allowing "ps ax" and "ps -ax" to behave differently).</p>

<p>Added an xrename() function,
xchdir() has better error reporting, xconnect()/xbind() had their
implementations merged, xsendto() moved from ping to lib, xpoll() now
measures elapsed time and only waits for the remaining period when restarted,
and Eduardas Meile converted several error_exit() to error_exit_raw() (because
yocto 2.6 buils with -Werror=format-security by default).</p>

<p>There's a scripts/portability.sh now which lets the build use gsed and gmake
(when available) in more places to avoid broken host versions on MacOS and FreeBSD.
The syntax of the "noreturn" attribute
changed slightly, some calls to strnstr() were replaced with strcasestr(),
we work around MacOS' lack of features.h, portability.h can now do Apple's
endianness macros, and so on.</p>

<p>Following the <a href=faq.html#support_horizon>seven year rule</a>
Elliott removed support or glibc 2.10, and also
reformatted a lot of --help text for consistency (removing trailing
periods and such).</p>

<p><u>Test suite</u>:
The test suite now has its own version of "pending", specifically "make tests"
skips test files without the executable bit set (unless you export $TEST_ALL).
This eliminates "expected failures" (I.E. files with unresolved todo items)
from the global regression test. Additional tests can be added to the global
regression test with chmod +x as the todo items they document get resolved.</p>

<p>Several places the test suite got fluffed out, including guards to skip
root-only tests when run as a normal user. The testcmd function prints the
short name instead of the full path to the command.
The tests for the test command
("test.test") no longer test the shell builtin but correctly test the
toybox command. (Now say that ten times fast.)</p>

<p>Bash version skew required replacing "continue" with "return" to stop
tests early in bash 4.4 (for VERBOSE=fail).</p>


<a name="31-10-2018" /><a href="#31-10-2018"><hr><h2><b>October 31, 2018</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>
"In the beginning the Universe was created.
This has made a lot of people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move."</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.7.8.tar.gz>Toybox 0.7.8</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.7.8>git commit</a>)
is out (a month late).</p>

<p>Toybox <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2018-October/009769.html>now builds</a> with the Android NDK (r18 release), almost out of the box.
You have to add an "llvm-cc" symlink to "clang", then use CROSS_COMPILE=llvm-
with the appropriate $PATH (or absolute path in CROSS_COMPILE) for the
target you want to build for. (To run it on a non-android host, you probably
want "LDFLAGS=--static" too.)</p>

<p><u>New commands</u>: <b>i2cdetect</b>, <b>i2cdump</b>, <b>i2cget</b>, and <b>i2cset</b>
courtesy of Elliott/Android. The <b>watch</b> command got a complete (tty-aware)
rewrite, and was promoted out of pending. The <b>prlimit</b> command is back
(a configuration bug was always disabling it), and <b>ascii</b> now defaults y
in defconfig (an oversight).</p>

<p><u>New options</u>: 
The <b>ifconfig</b> command added -S (short view) giving one line of
information per interface, in "name ipv4/mask macaddr [ipv6/mask@type...]"
format. <b>grep</b> grew binary file detection, with -I and -a options to
ignore them or force treating them as ascii (really utf8).
Zach Van Rijn asked for <b>find -empty</b>.
In the <b>file</b> command, Elliott improved java
.class support and added .wav, .bmp, and android .dex.
Elliott also added "getconf -a" and a lot of missing getconf symbols the
AOSP build uses, including support for pathconf(3) symbols requiring two
arguments. This means getconf's arguments work more like ubuntu's
now (one or two arguments, not iterating through the supplied list and
processing each like last release), and -l grew section identifiers (so
the "getconf -l" output is no longer a directly consumable list of symbols
it takes).
Command line options specifying durations (like top -d or ping -i) can
now use fractions and units, like "1.5" and ".1m". See "toybox --help" for
details.
Toybox now dereferences one layer of symlinks if it doesn't recognize the
name it's called under (so if you "ln -s $(which sleep) blah" and then
"./blah 30", it should figure out you mean sleep 30).</p>

<p><u>Pending</u>:
Gavin Howard contributed a large new <b>bc</b> implementation to pending,
which covers everything the kernel build needs (and more) but is going to
take a while to review.
In <b>diff</b> the android guys added --color and timestamps on the
+++/--- lines. In <b>mdev</b> Faustas Azuolas Bagdonas added support
for mdev.conf's fourth field. Reverend Homer suggested an error message
improvement in <b>wget</b>, Kevin Spiteri did a cleanup pass on test.c,
and there was a cleanup pass on the passwd command.</p>

<p><u>Bugfixes</u>:
Elliott responded to a bug in <b>getconf</b>'s sed-based header generation by
replacing it with a more conventional array of #defined symbols, with #ifdefs
for missing symbols on the three libc implementations (glibc, bionic, musl)
we've tested so far. (This requires portability.h work to add new supported
build environments, but at least it works on bionic now.)
The <b>file</b> command now fails gracefully when reading pathologically
broken ELF files (the tests for integer overflow missed one), and
<b>date</b> no longer shows a meaningless errno when it can't parse the
date format.
Several fixes in <b>ping</b> (-w and -W didn't work, -c kept sending packets
while waiting for replies, and when no reply packets were received the summary
data was printed twice).
Elliott fixed <b>wc</b> column widths (traditional reality doesn't match
posix), fixed <b>modprobe</b>'s error handling (reported by Wen Xie), and
also fixed the units on blockdev --blkraget (reported by Martijn Coenen).
Several small fixes to the <b>stat</b> command's output (help text, quoting
style, leading zeroes, switch -f from %t to %T), <b>oneit</b> no longer
reboots the system when it's not called as PID 1.
Last release's commit letting $STRIP be redefined had a typo.
Nick Kralevich added an istty() check before calling TIOCGWINSZ (which
triggered Android's strict ioctl filtering on non-filesystem fifos).
An unstripped build (where the "strip" command fails for a given
CROSS_COMPILE) will now overwrite the (read-only) output file instead of
failing a rebuild. The dirtree plumbing no longer prints a "No" on front
of the filename in error messages (such as "permission denied").</p>

<p><u>Docmentation</u>
Elliott updated the roadmap with Android AOSP status, towards turning that
into a hermetic build (hopefully with an eventual self-hosting option, work
is <a href=b33d37d6f735>already underway</a> on the airlock step).
Rob added a little more context for LSB and described the move from Aboriginal
Linux to mkroot.
The <b>ps</b> help text changed: now "ps -o help" shows the fields and the normal
--help is much more manageable. Ifconfig's --help text also got tidied up.
Our LICENSE file has the SPDX identifier (0BSD) now, and the note about
the kconfig/ subdirectory still having (build only, non-shipping) GPL code
in it moved into the kconfig subdirectory.</p>

<p><u>Coding style change:</u>
GLOBALS() now uses the argument letter as the variable
name for variables automatically set by command line arguments via lib/args.c,
and no longer requires they be one per line.
Removed use of the gcc
\e extension in string constants, replacing it with \033.</p>

<p><u>Library code:</u>
lib/interestingtimes.c was renamed to lib/tty.c.
The deflate code from toys/pending/compress.c moved to lib/deflate.c,
which gunzip.c now uses when it's not configured to use zlib. (This reduces
the bootstrap dependencies for the "airlock" step of a hermetic build.)
The compression side remains a todo item.
Added "%" to lib/args.c reading seconds (including fractions/units) into a
long milliseconds argument. Redid xparsetime() to not need floating point,
added xparsemillitime() for milliseconds common case, and
parsetime() now treats leading garbage as an error instead of returning zero.
The bufgetpwuid()/pufgetgrgid() functons can now handle more than 4k of group
data. The set_terminal() function can now set serial speed, and microcom.c
uses it. Added xsignal_flags(), and more consistently use xsignal() (which wraps
sigaction()) instead of signal().
A new xgetrandom() function calls the new getrandom() system call, falling
back to /dev/urandom on older kernel/libc (made to actually _work_ by
Patrick Oppenlander).</p>

<p><u>Build infrastructure:</u>
Updated dependency detection so "make distclean defconfig toybox" now works
all on the same command line. (This is nice when $CROSS_COMPILE changes).
scripts/config2help.c no longer includes parts of lib/ and just copies what
it needs into itself, improving build portability.
The build now checks the specified cross compiler exists, hopefully providing
a more informative error message when it doesn't. Similarly, when .config is
missing the error message suggests running make defconfig.</p>

<a name="23-06-2018" /><a href="#23-06-2018"><hr><h2><b>June 23, 2018</b></h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p>There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what
the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be
replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable. There is another
theory which states that this has already happened.</p>
<p> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.7.7.tar.gz>Toybox 0.7.7</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.7.7>git commit</a>)
is out.</p>

<p><u>New commands</u>: Rob Landley added <b>getconf</b>, Elliott Hughes added
<b>uuidgen</b>, and <b>ping</b> and <b>fmt</b> were promoted out of pending.</p>

<p><u>New options</u>: The <b>cp</b> command added the --parents option,
<b>readlink</b> now has -m to show where a missing path would be,
<b>netstat</b> got some updates (better nommu support, it can use /etc/services
names, more command line options are bounds checked),
Ng Zhi An added --getra and --setra (get/set readahead) to <b>blockdev</b>,
Elliott Hughes added <b>xxd</b> -o and made <b>top</b> -d understand fractional
sections (because the Linux Test Project uses that), and
Minghui Liu added <b>watch</b> -b.</p>

<p><u>Bugfixes</u>: Several fixes to <b>vmstat</b>: Elliott Hughes made it work on a
48-core machine
and fixed a glitch with -n, Haroon Maqsood pointed out "vmstat 1 1" didn't
stop and "vmstat -n" didn't print the first theader line.
Minghui Liu fixed a bug where <b>cp</b> -p didn't preserve
timestamps, and pointed out the b, c, and d suffixes on numbers weren't
working. Ryan Pritchard pointed out that <b>du</b> -d0 should act like du -s.
Filip Perich made an RFC2347 OACK compliance fix to <b>tftp</b> in pending.
Zach van Rijn fixed a bug in <b>xxd</b> causing incorrect translation of
uppercase characters.
Elliott fixed several things in <b>top</b> (removed spurious '\r' characters from -b
output, removed interactive flicker, made running processes bold), and
pushed Rob to make <b>file</b> work better recognizing things on stdin
("cat /bin/ls | file -" still won't work but "file - &lt; /bin/ls" should).
Rob fixed a bug in <b>netstat</b> on 64 bit big endian systems,
and fixed <b>cut</b> -DF
(a posix compliance fix broke its ability to act as a decent awk replacment
because outputting all delimiterless lines isn't what you want there, -D
now disables that too).</p>
</u></p>

<p><u>Documentation</u>: Rob added a buildroot section to the roadmap with the
prequisites that needs to run, and reformatted more of the ps --help text
to two columns.</p>

<p><u>Library</u>:
FLAGS_NODASH is now set in toys.optargs when an optstring starting
with &amp; has no dash in its first argument. (This lets "ps -ax" and "ps ax"
behave differently.) Factored out xtestfile() into lib/.
The comma-separated-list parsing infrastructure moved to lib/commas.c.
Added mkpath() for the common case of mkpathat() and #defined MKPATHAT_*
constants for the uncommon cases. Elliott added better error checking
to xparsetime() and fixed a bug in names_to_pid() (used in <b>pidof</b>
and <b>killall</b> and such).
Rob inlined the old toys/e2fs.h into pending's mke2fs,
and removed a rogue semicolon from the WOULD_EXIT() macro that screwed
up if() statement levels. The do_lines() semantics changed adding a
callback(0,0) at the end of each file.</p>

<p><u>Tests</u>:
The test_* commands under toys/example were all renamed demo_* so
they don't share a namespace with running a standalone command
through the test suite (ala "make test_sed"), then
demo_human_readable became demo_number so it can also test atolx()
suffixes. The readlink.test was getting confused by a
behavior difference between toybox and ubuntu (Ubuntu's ln -sf wouldn't
replace a symlink that pointed to itself, toybox's would), now there's
an explicit rm so it works on ubuntu too. The test suite plumbing's
error message for a test with the wrong number of arguments now
correctly identifies which test it's complaining about, and it can now
run a test on a command name beginning with "-" (none yet but it
comes up in toysh).</p>

<p><u>Building</u>: You can now override strip with $STRIP. The set of
"make install_airlock" commands got tweaked for the 4.17 kernel (which
needs bison and flex because the new kconfig plumbing doesn't have _shipped
versions of those generated files like the old kconfig did), and for
the new release (remove ping, toybox provides it now).
$LDFLAGS now applies to library probing (the android NDK provides
dynamic libraries without corresponding --static versions).
Elliott took a CFG_TOYBOX_DEBUG check out of an error_exit() to make
clang stop complaining about an error that should never happen.</p>

<a name="24-02-2018" /><a href="#24-02-2018"><hr><h2><b>February 24, 2018</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>
"Arthur," said Ford.<br />
"Hello? Yes?" said Arthur.<br />
"Just believe everything I tell you, and it will all be very, very simple."<br />
"Ah, well, I'm not sure I believe that."<br />
</p>
<p> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.7.6.tar.gz>Toybox 0.7.6</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.7.6>git commit</a>)
is out, a month and change late.</p>

<p>This release adds a <b>crc32</b> command and
cleans up and promotes <b>iconv</b>, <b>logger</b>, and <b>setfattr</b>.
Pending added <b>stty</b> and <b>fmt</b>, the other half of <b>ping</b>,
and got a lot of cleanup on <b>gzip</b>/<b>gunzip</b>/<b>zcat</b>.</p>

<p>The <b>cut</b> command got a complete rewrite adding support for multiple
ranges, utf8/unicode characters, and new -CDFO options. Use -C to measure
columns rather than characters (for double width chars), and "cut -DF 3-5"
selects words (like "awk '{print $3 $4 $5}'").</p>

<p>This release adds <b>top -m</b> and <b>iotop -H</b> (and fixed top width truncating for narrow terminal windows),
added <b>iconv -c</b>, fixed <b>ps -T 1234</b> to show threads belonging to
that PID, improved <b>file</b>'s executable identification (properly recognizing
both endiannesses and adding sh/frv fdpic, bpf, and new microblaze
identifiers), and <b>blkid</b> now only shows LABEL= when it isn't blank.</p>

<p>Running ./configure now does "make defconfig", help_exit() now shows the
"See %s --help" message on the same line, and several web pages
(about, code, roadmap, cleanup) got updates.</p>

<p>Elliott and the Android devs added <b>df -i</b>, <b>uptime -p</b>,
<b>time -v</b>, and <b>xxd -i -ri</b>,
fixed <b>id -G</b> to only output the group IDs, fixed the <b>xargs -0 -n</b>
combination, made <b>find -exec +</b> obey ARG_MAX (just like xargs), made
<b>killall</b> kill scripts too, fixed an off by one error in <b>pidof</b>
that could cause false positive matches in 15 character names, added
gzip/gunzip/zcat tests, and taught <b>file</b> to identify more stuff
(ogg, TrueType font, LLVM bitcode, PEM certs, and PE executables), and
for some reason needed TOYBOX_VENDOR in the version stuff.
Android <b>getprop</b>/<b>setprop</b> now allows ro. properties to have
arbitrary lengths, <b>losetup</b> can now find loop devices under /dev/block (where android puts
them for historical reasons), and Andreas Gampe pointed out a thinko in
<b>top</b> that triggered llvm's address sanitizer checks.</p>

<p>Gael PORTAY asked for mdev to work when Linux has the
block layer configured out, Patrick Oppenlander pointed out a problem
with make bloatcheck's build dependencies, and
xuphung on github fixed config2help building on MacOS X.</p>

<p>Commands with locale support now setlocale(LC_TYPE, "C.UTF-8") for more
targeted locale support (enable character parsing with
utf8 support, use "C" semantics otherwise). The toys/example/test_*.c
commands got renamed demo_*.c.</p>

<p>In lib.c the millitime() function returns current unix time in milliseconds
(which as a 64 bit number is good for + or - 292 million years from
midnight Jan 1 1970), and the old xgetty() function became tty_fd() returning
-1 instead of erroring out.</p>

<p>The "make help" text moved from the Makefile to scripts/help.txt,
ls.c now lists some of its deviations from posix, and work is underway
to make ps.c more intelligible (and figure out how to break it up into
multiple files).</p>

<a name="12-10-2017" /><a href="#12-10-2017"><hr><h2><b>October 12, 2017</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>Would it save you a lot of time if I just gave up and went
mad now?</p>
<p> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.7.5.tar.gz>Toybox 0.7.5</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.7.5>git commit</a>)
is out.</p>

<p>This is another <b>mostly bugfix release</b>. I delayed it a bit trying to get some
of the many half-finished projects (dd, ping, lsof, iconv, cut, sysconf,
the cp --parents option...) finished/promoted/tested, but decided adding big
things at the end of the dev cycle would be too destabilizing.</p>

<p>A couple <b>new features</b> slipped in anyway. Ilya Kuzmich added head -c
and strings -t (and corrected strings' output in a couple places). Elliott
Hughes taught file to recognize Macintosh (Mach-O) binaries.</p>

<p><b>NOTE</b>: the chrt command is broken when built against musl-libc
because that project's maintainer decided he didn't like the system calls
it depends on, so he
<a href=https://git.musl-libc.org/cgit/musl/commit/?id=1e21e78bf7a5>removed
them from his libc</a>. The prebuilt binaries are built against musl,
so the chrt command there will always say -ENOSYS. (It works fine built against
glibc, and presumably bionic or uClibc.)</p>

<p><b>Bugfixes</b>: Remounting (mount -o remount,rw) should work properly now,
and we fixed another place ps was segfaulting when /proc
entries vanished out from under us (a hard to hit race condition
mostly noticeable in long-running "top" exiting; error value was treated
as a pointer). Elliott Hughes fixed a -Wformat warning in expr.c,
and made xargs split the command
line at ARG_MAX (which is 1/4 the stack size ulimit, which normal users
can arbitrarily increase but execve() will complain if they don't).
Josh Gao made netcat -l exit after handling a request, and reported a
seq bug (seq "1000000 10000001" output 1e+06, fixed now). Zach Riggle fixed a
broken URL in the README. Rob fixed env -0 checking the flag wrong so
it didn't work in combination with other flags (typo).</p>

<p><b>Plumbing</b>:
Replaced mbrtowc() with a new utf8towc() that doesn't have a context
struct or care about locale. A bugfix in comma_scan() (wasn't removing an entry at the end
of the list) is why remount _sometimes_ worked (depending on argument
order), xgetaddrinfo() is now separate from xconnect(),
atolx_range() learned the w (word=2) suffix, and b is now (block=512) instead
of (byte=1).</p>

<p><b>Build</b>: Patrick Oppenlander added a workaround for a bug in config2help.c
that resulted in segfaults on newer toolchains. (It was actually a use
after free error; the build infrastructure isn't nearly as heavily audited as
code that gets installed on the target; oops.) A new GITHASH
environment variable can force the build version from
the command line, and the build checks for .git in the top directory
before asking git what our version is (so it isn't confused by ../../.git
in an enclosing directory). Added a build #warning about musl intentionally
breaking chrt (as with nommu fork() musl now provides a broken
stub function so compile-time probes for its existence think it's there, and
you can't run the result to test behavior when cross compiling).</p>

<a name="19-06-2017" /><a href="#19-06-2017"><hr><h2><b>June 19, 2017</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>It is a well-known fact that those people who most want to rule people are, ipso facto, those least suited to do it.
To summarize the summary: anyone who is capable of getting themselves made President should on no account be allowed to do the job.</p>
<p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.7.4.tar.gz>Toybox 0.7.4</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.7.4>git commit</a>)
is out. No new commands this time, but
<b>chrt</b> and <b>dmesg</b> got promoted out of pending.</p>

<p><u>New features</u>:
Rob rewrote paste, which should work much better now, and added grep
-M and -S to match and skip wildcards respectively (useful with -r).
Elliott's updated dmesg has -T and --color. The file
command can recognize gzip now, uptime grew -s, date grew %N, env knows - as a first argument
means -i (posix!) and grew -0, ls defaults to -b
instead of -q now when there's a tty, and ls has a new -ll option (with
--full-time as a compatibility synonym) showing nanoseconds and (for some
reason) timezone. (Why do individual files have timezones?) Elliott added
"uudecode -o -" support. Illya Kuzmich taught head -v and -q. The cpio
code no longer adds the "TRAILER!!!" entry by default (initramfs extractor
doesn't care) without which you can concatenate cpio archives with "cat".
(Use the new --trailer option if you want the legacy behavior.)
In pending, fdisk compiles now and tar understands bzip2.</p>

<p><u>Build</u>:
The "make install_airlock" target now symlinks bc from the host because
the kernel <a href=https://landley.net/notes-2013.html#28-03-2013>inexplicably</a>
needs that to build. This was motivated by
<a href=https://github.com/landley/mkroot>mkroot</a>, which builds under
a toybox airlock directory.</p>

<p>Lots of work on the test suite, mostly from the Android guys who are now
running it under Android. This fixed several existing tests that didn't
pass, made more tests run on a toybox-only system, and so on. The test suite
infrastructure now has a second testing function,
"testcmd", which supplies the command name being tested (bypassing
shell builtins).</p>

<p>Various android build and config fixes, getting closer to being able
to let android someday use scripts/make.sh instead of generated/* snapshots.
Also more work into building under android's NDK; not quite there yet
but much closer.
Use nproc in scripts/make.sh detect available processors (so you can control the SMP level with taskset).
Removed the old uClibc compatibility glue, it's been 5 years since their
<a href=http://lists.busybox.net/pipermail/buildroot/2016-December/180102.html>last release</a>.</p>

<p>The new config option TOYBOX_PEDANTIC_ARGS checks arguments when there
are no arguments, so things like "uptime" no longer silently ignore arguments
you pass but instead refuse to run.</p>

<p><u>Docs</u>:
The FAQ now has more than one entry. Commands no longer output the full
help text for argument errors but instead just say "See %s --help" with the
command name (in addition to the actual error message).
Elliott did a big period-ectomy on all the --help text, and
we cleaned up some tab/space inconsistency. The
non-html help -a output now has separators with the command name.
The top/iotop and pkill/pgrep help text now describe a lot more of what
the commands can do. Twitter's code of conduct page went down so we
mirrored the text locally.</p>

<p><u>Bugfixes</u>:
Fixed a race condition in ps/top where a process that exited right as we
read its data returned a different error value than we were expecting (which
was causing long-running top instances to occasionally exit),
mount now gives an error if it can't autodetect the filesystem
type, ps no longer queries the terminal size when output isn't to a tty
(so "ps -A | cat" doesn't vary), date's chkmktime() was replaced with
simple range checks for fields (to avoid false positives from things like
timezones and daylight savings time), removed %s from date's help (we
didn't implement it, we have @seconds[.nanoseconds] instead), fixed
zcat's buffer flush logic (which was always failing on files larger
than 32k), and factor now detects requests for numbers &gt;64 bits and fails
loudly instead of producing incorrect answers.
Elliott fixed touch -a/-m (they were backwards), and allowed ':' in
setprop's property names. Grep now exits with 2 for errors (so -q can
distinguish "didn't find" from "didn't work"), doesn't stop on symlinks
that point nowhere (there was an error_exit() that should just be a warning),
and provides error messages for files we could open but not read.</p>

<p><u>Library</u>:
New library functions: strend() complements strstart(), minof()/maxof()
are min/max macros that evalute arguments once and autodetect type (why
isn't this in libc?), xmmap() checks MAP_FAILED (which is not NULL).</p>

<a name="21-02-2017" /><a href="#21-02-2017"><hr><h2><b>February 21, 2017</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>Only six people in the Galaxy knew that the job of the
Galactic President was not to wield power but to attract attention
away from it. Zaphod Beeblebrox was amazingly good at his job.</p>
<p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p>Despite everything, <a href=downloads/toybox-0.7.3.tar.gz>Toybox 0.7.3</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.7.3>git commit</a>)
is out. The <u>new commands</u> this time are <b>ftpget</b>, <b>ftpput</b>, <b>microcom</b>, and <b>ascii</b>.<p>

<p>We also had two command _demotions_ out of defconfig:
<b>hostid</b> got moved to toys/example and
switched to "default n" because despite <a href=http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/gethostid.html>still being in posix</a>
the concept of a unique 32 bit number identifying a system is something
Linux outgrew about the time Pauline Middelink wrote the first IP
Masquerading code. And Elliott did a complete rewrite of <b>dmesg</b> introducing
two codepaths that I didn't get a chance to unify and didn't want to
hold up the release for, so that's back in pending.</p>

<p><u>New features</u>: Rob added units to <b>find</b> -atime and friends
(with the legacy -amin alias). Elliott added color and -w to dmesg, fallocate
-o, and improved file's ELF parsing. Steve Muckle added -d and finit_module
support to modprobe. Rob and Elliott tweaked the
ps/top display format a bit more (extending the USER field from 8 to 18 chars
and putting + at the end of string fields that got truncated).
df -a isn't entirely new, but wasn't documented and needed a bugfix.</p>

<p><u>Bugfixes</u>:
Last release broke oneit because -c didn't get moved to xopen_stdio() (oops).
Rob and Elliott simultaneously spotted ps padding each line to 99999
chars when there's no tty (serial console or adb); now it pads to 80 in
that case but also switches on -w to avoid field truncation. The "tty"
field also sometimes had trailing debris (that's fixed now). And "top" was
endlessly redrawing with out tty because receipt of the ANSI size probe
results would set SIGWINCH, and handling that sent another ansi probe. (Sigh.)
And while we're there, replace "ADDR" with "BIT" in ps -l so there are
more than 4 chars left for the "CMD" field on 64 bit systems.</p>

<p>Izabera pointed out that split -b and -l can't mix, and suggested seq should
multiply to avoid accumulating rounding errors from repeated fractional
increments. Wang Xiao Jian fixed a bug in sort -k.
Elliott let getprop use the @ character in property names, and
Dimitry Ivanov removed the name length limit for system properties.
Elliott also improved some error reporting and improved top -H's display
of thread names.

<p>Josh Gao pointed out that recursive operations on . and .. could be ignored
in chmod -R (and the resulting generic fix to dirtree_notdotdot() fixed
it in several other places).</p>

<p>Justin Cormack caught tar producing a warning to stdout that screwed up
"tar c" to stdout.
Rob fixed an option parsing bug (where switching off a --longopt in menuconfig
confused the parser), and another one where an option excluding itself
(ala "abc[-ab][!abc]" with "command -a -b") would segfault.</p>

<p>There's some sort of gcc stack over-optimization bug where musl-libc's
version of vfork() doesn't get marked with attribute(returns_twice) so
stack varabiles in the same function after that get semi-randomly overwritten
when the optimizer decides to reclaim the space. So add the attribute
to the function the XVFORK() wrapper macro calls. (It's a nommu thing.)</p>

<p>Fixed a couple variable size mismatch bugs that were only tested on 64 bit
(printf %x 64) or only tested on 32 bit (modprobe), removed some
unnecessary casts in stat.</p>

<p>Continuing attempts to build under Android NDK brought up that posix
defines the global 'stdout' as a macro, which older versions of bionic
turned into an array member, but a function was using it as an argument
name. (This worked in the AOSP build because it only builds against current
bionic, where there's a global 'stdout'.)</p>

<p>Several commits argued with clang's warning generation, eventually
settling on a variant of __attribute__((__shut_up__)).</p>

<p>Android should no longer give spurious error messages
when you "ps -A | head" about EPIPE on output. (Older versions of bionic
set an error handler on SIGPIPE, but it shouldn't do that now. More recent
versions of adb set the SIGPIPE handler to SIGIGN instead of SIGDFL,
leading to write returning an error message instead of silently killing
the program. So we set it back to the default.)</p>

<p><u>Docs</u>:
Removed website link to the gmane archive (which didn't survive gmane's
change of ownership). The FAQ now answers a _second_ question. (Woo!)
Some roadmap updates.</p>

<p><u>Build tweaks</u>:
Upgraded "make install_airlock" target to only warn about missing
commands (unless $PEDANTIC is set) when it sets up the hermetic build
path. (The plan is still to implement everything but the toolchain
binaries in toybox, but in the meantime we're symlinking other stuff from
the $HOST that isn't ready yet. See
<a href=https://github.com/landley/mkroot>mkroot</a> for an example using
this.)</p>

<p>Elliott and Rob continue to poke at building toybox with Android's NDK,
but it's a work in progress (<a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2016-December/008767.html>thread</a>). Various changes
removing libcutils dependencies and adding an selinux dependency to getprop
are fallout from this.</p>

<p>Cross-compiling from Macs needs to use "gsed" instead of apple's
version, so teach the build to use that name if it exists in the $PATH.
If you try to build without running config first, you should get better
error reporting now. Added a workaround for Centos' broken "which" command
producing output when it _can't_ find a name in the $PATH.</p>

<p><u>Library</u>:
The new dirtree flag DIRTREE_PROC skips non-numeric entries so things
like ps and top can scan /proc more efficiently.</p>

<a name="21-10-2016" /><a href="#21-10-2016"><hr><h2><b>October 21, 2016</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>Probability factor of one to one. We have normality. I repeat,
we have normality. Anything you still can't cope with is therefore your
own problem.</p><p> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.7.2.tar.gz>Toybox 0.7.2</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.7.2>git commit</a>)
is out.</p>

<p>During this development cycle, Elliott Hughes <a href=http://androidbackstage.blogspot.com/2016/07/episode-53-adb-on-adb.html>got interviewed
on the ADB podcast</a>
and Rob Landley <a href=http://linuxluddites.com/shows/episode-88/>got interviewed on Linux Luddites</a> (<a href=http://linuxluddites.com/shows/episode-11/>again</a>).
Both talk about toybox and many other things.
The web page also grew a new <a href=faq.html>FAQ page</a>, currently with
just the one.</p>

<p>New comands added to defconfig are <b>tunctl</b>,
<b>log</b>, <b>start</b>, <b>stop</b>, and <b>sendevent</b>.
The commands <b>file</b> and <b>netstat</b> got promoted out of pending.
Pending added <b>chrt</b>, <b>setfattr</b>, and <b>getfattr</b>, and saw
a lot of cleanups to diffstat and dd but not enough to promote them to
defconfig yet. A new toys/net directory was added, moving ifconfig, netcat,
netstat, rfkill, and tunctl there so far.</p>

<p><b>Upgrades</b>: All commands now parse --version when they understand
--help, but "true" and "false" should now ignore their arguments entirely.
We taught stat to handle "%12x" and "%.12x" printf-style escapes, which
apparently other versions do. The ifconfig output now shows the interface's
device driver. Added patch -d and --dry-run, wc can now do -cm together,
find has a NOP -noleaf so scripts that use that don't break, add -c to md5sum
and sha1sum. Elliott taught ps to treat extra aguments as additional -p
pids, implemented xxd -s, did a number of upgrades to file (added -HL,
support for ar files, improved ELF support to report android API level
and stripped/not stripped and it no longer prints a guessed build ID type).
Elliott also added optional build-time support for using openssl's
assembly-optimized md5sum/sha1sum implementations (leading to a new
<a href=design.html>design</a> policy on shared libraries).</p>

<p><b>Bugfixes</b>: Too many fixes to "ps" and "touch" to list, from both
Elliott and Rob. Rob taught sed to handle s/[[:space:]/]// type sequences
properly, switched grep to a better
workaround for <a href=https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=17829>glibc bug 17829</a>, made sed -i preserve ownership when run as root,
made du max out at 2 terabytes instead of 2 gigabytes on 32-bit systems
(it was always designed to, but was missing a typecast),
fixed the option parsing infrastructure (config options that remove command
line options got the placeholders wrong), fix to printf for printing
octal digits and handling the (posix-mandated) difference between %b and
non-%b octal output, reading from "-" no longer closes stdin when done,
netcat -L works with nommu (although it may need more portability work),
and you can now "make test_scankey" if you want to. Several commands
(stat, makedeves, chgrp, cp, find) handled user name lookup failure badly
(stat was segfaulting if you interrogated a file belonging to a nonexistent
user, "chown 12345 file" errored out if you didn't have that user
in /etc/passwd... now they should all print/accept the number when
appropriate). "LC_ALL=C ls -Cs --color" produces the same output
as other versions (two spaces padding, -k hardwired on).<p>

<p>Kyungsik Lee fixed a bug
in cp (readlink() doesn't actually null terminate the string it reads in),
Elliott Hughes made pgrep/pkill return success/failure, fixed trailing
whitespace in netstat, fixed a SMACK symbol conflict due to linux/xattr.h
changing, fixed ls -sh, and added a lot of
stuff to the <a href=roadmap.html>roadmap page</a>.
Izabera pointed out cmp -l and -s can't be selected at the same time,
that timeout was never actually checking -v, that ls should default to -q
when output is to a tty, and that "file -" would sometimes try to open "-"
instead of stdin.
Usischev Yury pointed out a use after free error, and that id shouldn't
call exit() directly. Matthias Urhahn pointed out that stat(2) returns
hardwired 512-byte units, so stat.c was wrong. David Hedges pointed out
that route could only handle 10 character interface names when the kernel
can do 15 (it's still in pending for a reason, but fixed). Evgenii
Stepanov found and helped diagnose one of the more subtle ps bugs fixed
this time around.</p>

<p>Calling "make test_blah" no longer causes make to error out if the last
test fails (and thus returns a nonzero error code).
Building single commands and the multiplexer used to require a "make clean"
between them (because they had different config files both of which were older
than generated/config.h so it didn't get rebuilt; now it just always
rebuilds it).</p>

<p>The defconfig build is now slightly less broken on older centos versions
(although <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2016-September/008664.html>the consensus</a> is that Centos is just generally broken).<p>

<p>Several commands were over-using xprintf(), which flushes its output
to check for error (something you only need to do maybe once per line,
and even then maybe only in loops because xexit() flushes and checks
ferror() for you and adjusts the exit code if we wrote stuff to stdout
that couldn't be printed). Lots of little flushes are inefficient,
so most things can use normal printf(). (Retransmission
of short writes is presumably libc's problem since it's buffering the
output and all.)</p>

<p><b>Library:</b>
New library functions readlink0() and readlinkat0() which properly null
terminates the symlink value (which the stock libc function inexplicably
doesn't).
The new do_lines() function interates reading lines from a filehandle
and calling a function on each line.
New function pollinate() factoring out netcat's poll() loop so things
like telnet can use it.
New functions getusername() and getgroupname() return a
char * given a uid/gid (and return a string representation of the number
if the lookup fails), and xgetpwnamid/xgetgrnamid were renamed to
xgetuid/xgetgid and now return an integer instead of a struct (also helping
handle lookup failures, you can still return the uid/get for "12345").</p>

<p>Switched atolx() to use long long internally.
Renamed xopen() to xopen_stdio() and made a new xopen() that never returns
stdin, stdout, or stderr (duping /dev/null into the filehandles as necessary).
New function xopenro() opens a file read only with one less argument, and
understands that "-" means stdin. New flag WARN_ONLY tells these functions
to just print a warning on failure, and return -1 instead of exiting.
Misc new functions like openro() which defaults to the WARN_ONLY behavior
and notstdio() which dup()s a filehandle up beyond stdin/out/err backfilling
with /dev/null as necessary. The WARN_ONLY flag let us remove the failok
argument from loopfiles().</p>

<p>New TOYFLAG_NOHELP disables --help processing (which "true" and "false"
should not do).</b>

<p>The test suite now has NOSPACE=1 to ignore whitespace (using diff -b to
check results), which helps TEST_HOST pass the same tests as toybox.
Fixes to chattr and date tests. It also has a new variable $C with the
absolute path to the command being tested (bypassing shell builtins),
and a function testcmd() which is just like testing() except it prepends
the command name ($C) to the test command line as well as the test
description.</p>

<a name="02-06-2016" /><a href="#02-06-2016"><hr><h2><b>June 2, 2016</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>When the 'Drink' button is pressed it makes an instant but
highly detailed examination of the subject's taste buds, a spectroscopic
analysis of the subject's metabolism, and then sends tiny experimental
signals down the neural pathways to the taste centres of the subject's
brain to see what is likely to be well received. However, no-one knows
quite why it does this because it then invariably delivers a cupful of
liquid that is almost, but not quite, entirely unlike tea.</p>
<p> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.7.1.tar.gz>Toybox 0.7.1</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.7.1>git commit</a>)
is out. (Yes, I forgot to update the --version string, but I already
uploaded the <a href=downloads/binaries/0.7.1>binaries</a>.)</p>

<p>The website has https support now, you can "make cat ps ls"
to get standalone commands (and "make list list_pending" to see what's
available), and a whole lot of bugfixes and new options to existing
commands.</p>

<h2>New Commands</h2>
<p>Rob implemented <b>ulimit</b>. In pending, Elliott Hughes implemented
file. and Lipi Lee implemented a simple wget. (Pending also had minor
cleanups to more and lsof, but no promotions this time around.)</p>

<h2>New Options</h2>
<p>Izabera implemented env -u, suggested adding seq -w, made factor
use full unsigned 64 bit math even on 32 bit platforms, pointed out base64
-w0 should disable wrapping, and sped up wc -c.
Elliott Hughes added mount -o relatime, xxd -p -r, and od -w.
Sameer Pradhan (or possibly Bilal Qureshi) suggested adding stat -tL -c %m%t%T.
Tom Cherry added getprop -Z. Paul Barker added hostname -b and -F.
Rob added ls -b, made ls -q work with utf8,
made sed -f - read from stdin, and added top -O (like ps -O).</p>

<p>Elliott and Rob <b>added Thread support to ps and top</b>,
with -o TID, TNAME. We also added -o PCY (android scheduling policy),
-o BIT (process is 32 or 64 bit), and -o TNAME now shows the parent
command name for threads.</p>

<h2>Documentation</h2>

<p>Rob added the sed invocations to convert tabs/spaces and back to
design.html. Isaac Dunham updated hexedit's help text.
Jakob Flierl pointed out a broken URL in the README.</p>

<p>Rob also redid the naming scheme of sed's pattern manipulation code to
remove the gratuitous references to Roger Zelazny's "Amber" series, since it
was confusing people.</p>

<h2>Bugfixes</h2>

<p>Grep -H and -n should now work properly with -ABC. Andy Chu pointed out an
out of bounds access for zero length lines in rev, fixed a buffer overflow
in diff -r, and fixed operator precedence in expr (although Rob is rewriting
chunks of expr so toysh can use its plumbing for $(( )) ).
Patrick Ohly fixed the too-aggressive suid permission dropping logic.
Josh Gao fixed a segfault when find -iname got no argument, and
made tail -f work right with just one file argument.
Tom Marshall cleaned up tar's long filename support and improved
the tar tests, and reported another find bug (with -iname -o -iname not
tracking copy lifetimes properly) that got fixed.</p>

<p>Elliott Hughes fixed wc -c to not trust zero length files to actually be
zero length (/proc does that), fixed "mount -o rw,remount /system" on
Android, removed trailing spaces on ps -o cmdline, fixed pkill -9 and
the corresponding tests, made "insmod -" work, fixed top -b and tail -NUM,
pointed out that ps shouldn't trim numeric fields for display size limits,
and added some more
explicit "sort" calls to make pipelines so build tempfiles are easier to cache.
Rob <a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/32b3587af261>fixed an insane sed thing</a> the perl 5.22 build was doing.
Fixed mount -o to properly pass in leftover string data, and
<a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2016-March/004790.html>documented how to use toybox to mount nfs</a> (warning: kernel patch
to fix some bitrot in the kernel NFS driver's string parsing attached
to that message).</p>

<p>George Burgess IV corrected some variable types in traceroute.
Base64 now wraps == properly. Fixed two bzcat segfaults reported by
John Regehr. Andy Chu found a segfault in "sed -e 'c\'" with no trailing
line, and implemented mv -n and cp -n. The cyanogenmod guys pointed out that
cp -a shouldn't complain if a non-root user can't chown, and we added
the output path to cp -r error messages while we were there (before was just
the filename).</p>

<p>Samuel Holland fixed blkid's handling of vfat labels, and
fixed a segfault when basename was passed an empty string and an empty
suffix. Davis Mosenkovs fixed touch -t seconds parsing.
Rob fixed a bunzip bug reported by John Regehr (the bad CRC
error message was printing a NUL argument).</p>

<p>Not all of the commands build standalone, but more of them do now;
scripts/single.sh can now build a "mv" that isn't actually "cp".
The dependencies are more granualr, so "make top; make ps" no longer
produces a broken ps that ignores -A (because ps.o wasn't getting rebuilt
even though top had the FLAG macros for -A zeroed).</p>

<h2>Build</h2>
<p>Rob added a <b>warning when building commands out of
pending</b>. (The pending directory is full of code that hasn't been
properly vetted. Use at your own risk.)</p>

<p><b>New build targets let you build individual commands by name</b>, ala
"make ls cat ps", and you can run the test suite for each standalone
command with "make test_ls" and such.
"make list" shows all such standalone commands in defconfig, and
"make list_pending" shows unfinished commands from toys/pending
("make list list_pending" shows both together). "make clean" now deletes
these filenames at the top level, and the corresponding unstripped files
live in the directory generated/unstripped.</p>

<p>Nicholas Boichat suggested switching make.sh to use $! for process
enumeration during parallel builds (which is both more efficient and more
portable), and suggested shell builtin replacements for wc/awk/sed so the
build loop has fewer forks now.</p>

<p>Lots of work on the test suite, much of it due to Andy Chu. It now
consistently prints the name of the command being tested at the start of each
test (and the common infrastructure does that, not each individual test), and
"make tests" actually runs all the available tests now.
Seperated pgrep and pkill tests, split lsattr/chattr, added fstype and base64
tests. The "tests/files" directory now collects files for tests to
use, with blkid, bzcat, and utf8 subdirectories: the $FILES variable
gives a path to it, so "$FILES/blkid/ext2.bz2" and so on.
The testsuite now has test files with 3 different types of "not utf8 output"
sequences that require escaping, plus some combining character torture
tests, direction reversals, and so on.</p>

<p>Added dependencies on TOYBOX_FORK to various pending commands that need
nommu conversion (which should fix the allyesconfig build).</p>

<p>Static builds with selinux should work again.</p>

<h2>Library</h2>

<p>New bufgetgrgid() and bufgetpwuid() functions cache previous lookup info
rather than repeatedly traversing /etc/passwd and /etc/group (which is slow).
Added xpipe() to lib to catch pipe creation failure.
The HELP_ macros generated by config2help.c now use a capital prefix
to avoid collicing with help_exit() and such.</p>

<p>The dirtree infrastructure got a cleanup pass in preparation for adding
infinite recursion depth support (needed by rm -r), updated the
<a href=code.html#ib_dirtree>documentation</a> to describe the new
semantics (removing dirtree_start() and adding dirtree_flagread()).
Now dirtree_recurse() takes the new dirfd as an argument.</p>

<p>Split out _xexit() from xexit() and let sigatexit() set multiple
callbacks.</p>

<p>For years the man pages have said to #include <sys/types.h> to get
major/minor/makedev but now that glibc
<a href=https://sourceware.org/ml/libc-alpha/2015-11/msg00253.html>has vowed
to break existing programs</a> and replace it with another nonstandard header
not in posix or lsb, we added our own functions to lib/ to do the transform
ourselves (based on what the kernel actually expects).</p>

<h2>Portability</h2>

<p>Debian unstable started needing an extra header #include for some reason, and
although printf("%.*s", INT_MAX, s) worked fine on Ubuntu 12.04 it
didn't on 14.04, so added a workaround for that. Typecast a printf because
wchar_t isn't a rigidly defined size. RLIMIT_RTTIME was
added to the kernel in 2008 but you can't expect uClibc to have noticed yet,
nor did it #define MS_RELATIME (added in 2006), or prlimit (2010)...
(Given the improvements in musl and bionic, uClibc support may be dropped
in a future release.) Given that the xattr functions were added during
linux 2.5, we can #include its header unconditionally.</p>

<p>Renamed basename_r() to something else to avoid conflicting with freebsd's
libc, and both scripts/install.h and scripts/config2help.c no longer include
toys.h (to make cross-compiling from systems we don't run on easier).</p>

<p>Debian bug 635570 did something unspeakably nonportable, depending on
"sed -e 'a\'" (with no next line of the pattern, so an unterminated
continuation) to add a newline to the last line of input if and only if
that last line of the input didn't have a newline, and to take no other
action. This is well into "depending on a bug" territory, but we implemented
it because otherwise Debian's install broke. (Of course this behavior
is undocumented, non-obvious, and doesn't really make logical sense.)</p>

<p>CONFIG_TOYBOX_NORECURSE now disables the stack measuring logic (which
was giving some "security" code fits). Also we typecast pointers to (long)
before comparing them to avoid spurious compiler "optimizations" that
break the code.</p>

<a name="02-02-2016" /><a href="#02-02-2016"><hr><h2><b>February 2, 2016</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>"I checked it very thoroughly," said the computer, "and that
quite definitely is the answer. I think the problem, to be quite honest with
you, is that you've never actually known what the question is."
</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.7.0.tar.gz>Toybox 0.7.0</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.7.0>git commit</a>)
is out.</p>

<p>The new commands in defconfig are <b>iotop</b>, <b>top</b>, <b>pgrep</b>,
and <b>pkill</b>
(most replacing corresponding versions from pending). Added grep -ABC,
swapon -d (discard), mkswap -L (label) and UUID support, and find -delete.
Izabera added free -h and unshare -f. Josh Gao implemented tail -f.
Jose Bollo submitted cp --preserve=context,attr. Kylie McClain added
mktemp -u.</p>

<p>In pending there's the start of a vi command, and Sameer Pradhan contributed
a new dhcp6. This cycle saw several rounds of route cleanup and a little dhcp
cleanup, but neither are complete yet. Lipi Lee did some cleanup to netstat.c
and Elliott Hughes removed warnings from traceroute.</p>

<p>Lots of updates to ps: several new -o options, -k (--sort) -O and -M,
improved compatibility with Android's historical behavior, and
extensive internal code cleanup (including the removal of all
the magic constants).</p>

<h3><b>Website</b></h3>

<p>Dreamhost restored the <a href="#12-21-2015">missing 11 months</a>
to the mailing list archive, in the process deleting the month after
that. Now they've asked if I have mbox files archiving the new
gap (between December 20, 2015 to January 21, 2016, and presumably they
could also fill in the gap from December 14, 2014 to January 3, 2015 that's
been there since the last time they did this),
but due to some gmail filtering I've
<a href=http://landley.net/notes-2012.html#15-10-2012>never
been able to disable</a>, my copy of those files is spread among 3 different
mbox files I'd have to sort/filter/collate. (It's on the todo list.)</p>

<p>Added a code of conduct to the README (we're
<a href=https://engineering.twitter.com/opensource/code-of-conduct>borrowing twitter's</a>) because somebody
made it necessary.</p>

<h3><b>Bugfixes</b></h3>
<p>Fixed another sed bug where any ] right after [ was skipped (not just the
first one in the range, so [[] didn't terminate). Fixed sort -f and added test cases.
Assume 80 columns in "ls -m | cat", ls -L is no longer backwards,
and ls of files with no paths no longer uses an uninitialized (zero) dirfd.
Several bugfixes
to find (Gilad Arnold fixed -perm, Daniel K. Levy fixed "find . -exec echo {}",
and while we're there I fixed find --prune, made "find . -execdir
echo {} + -execdir ls {} +" work, and ripped out the environment size
measuring code that checked for a 128k limit removed back in linux 2.6.22).
Elliott Hughes fixed the date command's parsing of 4 digit
years and documented the %s escape, fixed hwclock -u, and pointed out
that runcon needs to exec to do its job (not recursively call another
command_main() in the same process). Tom Marshall reported that blkid was
handling ext2 wrong. Mike Moreton corrected cpio extraction's uid and gid
values, and added a --no-preserve-owner option. Fixed the SUID permission
dropping logic (which was a bit over-zealous, preventing some commands from
running at all).</p>

<p>I'm told that debian-testing broke its libc so the nsenter build breaks,
but my attempts to install the debian-testing network cd image under
qemu keep breaking. Maybe someday they'll fix it enough I can actually
reproduce the problem. (Debootstrap under unbuntu builds an ubuntu-flavored
chroot in which toybox builds fine.)</p>

<h3><b>Documentation</b></h3>
<p>Rewrite of the about.html page, tweaks to design.html, and a re-triage of
sbase in roadmap.html. Update to mkstatus.py to collate multiple span
tags with the same id, resulting in a larger status.html page (which
was previously ignoring some commands in the roadmap).</p>

<p>Expanded the defconfig/allyesconfig/allnoconfighelp text in "make help"
to explain what they're for.</p>

<h3><b>infrastructure</b></h3>
<ul>
<li><p>Expanded toys.optargs to 64 bits so a command can have more than 32 options.</p></li>
<li><p>Added NOEXIT() wrapper to turn xwrap() functions into warning versions
using the existing longjump(toys.rebound) infrastructure.</p></li>
<li><p>Renamed dirtree-&gt;data to dirfd and stopped storing symlink length
into it (this fixed a bug where following symlinks to directories
didn't give a valid directory filehandle, noticeable with ls -Z).</p></li>
<li><p>New TAGGED_ARRAY() infrastructure generates index and bitmask macros
for arrays of structures starting with a name string.</p></li>
<li><p>New lib/linestack.c for utf8 fontmetrics (draw_str() and utf8len()
and so on), and for tracking multiple lines of text
(vi, less, shell history) that need wordwrapping and scrolling up/down.</p></li>
<li><p>Upgrades to lib/interestingtimes.c: scan_key() now has a timeout
in milliseconds and recognizes more sequences including ANSI
window size probes. New utf8 test files in tests/files/utf8 including
sequence reversing, stacked combining chars, and all three types of
unprintable sequences (low ascii <32 ala ^X, invalid utf8 sequences ala
<AB><CD>, and invalid unicode code points ala U+1234).</p></li>
<li><p>More comma handling code in lib.c: comma_args()</p></li>
<li><p>Added error_msg_raw() to shut up fortify's endless static checking false
positives.</p></li>
<li><p>readfileat() can now realloc() in a loop to read long files
("zcat | insmod" needed it).</p></li>
</ul>

<h3><b>Roadmap</b></h3>
<p>We're getting close to having a self-hosting development environment
using toybox for the command line. The remaining busybox commands in
<a href=http://landley.net/aboriginal/about.html>Aboriginal Linux</a> are:</p>

<blockquote><p><b>
awk bunzip2 bzcat bzip2 dd diff expr fdisk ftpd ftpget ftpput gunzip gzip
less ping route sh sha512sum tar test tr unxz vi wget xzcat zcat
</b></p></blockquote>

<p>And the remaining non-busybox commands in Aboriginal Linux's build/host
directory (from the distcc, genext2fs, e2fsprogs, zlib, and squashfs packagesi)
are:</p>

<blockquote><p><b>
mke2fs fsck.ext2 resize2fs distcc genext2fs unsquashfs distccd mksquashfs tune2fs
</b></p></blockquote>

<p>Squashfs and distcc are probably out of scope for toybox, but mke2fs,
fsck.ext2, resize2fs, genext2fs, and tune2fs should all be added to the
above "busybox" replacement list.</p>

<p>Remind me to include this countdown in future releases. Once they've all
been replaced, the next goal is <a href=http://landley.net/aboriginal/about.html#selfhost>building AOSP under itself</a>.</p>

<p>See the full <a href=roadmap.html>roadmap</a> and <a href=status.html>status</a>
pages for more details.</p>

<a name="12-21-2015" /><a href="#12-21-2015"><hr><h2><b>December 21, 2015</b></h2></a>

<p>Yes, 11 months have gone missing from the mailing list web archive.</p>

<p>Yesterday evening Dreamhost's mailman server went down (timing out trying
to connect). I poked them about it, they
<a href=https://twitter.com/landley/status/678781271670149121>blamed
DNS</a>, I explained that the hang was _after_ the DNS lookup and
entered the dig info into the trouble ticket showing the IPs the DNS
queries were returning, they reinstalled the server at that IP from what I
assume was their most recent backup, and that's how 11 months of messages
vanished out of the archive.</p>

<p>I've <a href=https://twitter.com/landley/status/679114451975467008>continued to poke them about it</a> but I honestly believe that's the best they
can do. <a href=http://landley.net/dreamhost.txt>Last time</a>
this sort of thing <a href=http://landley.net/dreamhost2.txt>happened</a>
we went back and forth for months, so I added a link to a backup web
archive (in the nav bar on the left) that isn't controlled by dreamhost,
and thus doesn't gratuitously lose data on a regular basis. (I note
the earlier hole in Dreamhost's archive was never fixed either. That
was data never getting archived, this is a year's worth of data that
was in the archive until yesterday vanishing after the fact.)</p>

<p>If you're wondering why the <a href=http://lists.landley.net>top level</a>
list page has been "temporarily disabled" for multiple years now... you'd have
to ask Dreamhost. I know I have. More than a dozen times.</p>

<a name="03-11-2015" /><a href="#03-11-2015"><hr><h2><b>November 3, 2015</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>"Alright," said Ford. "How would you react if I said that I'm
not from Guildford after all, but from a small planet somewhere in the vicinity
of Betelgeuse?" Arthur shrugged in a so-so sort of way. "I don't know," he
said, taking a pull of beer. "Why - do you think it's the sort of thing you're
likely to say?"</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.6.1.tar.gz>Toybox 0.6.1</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.6.1>git commit</a>)
is out.</p>

<p>We have a new <b>ps</b> command with all the -o fields posix wants (although
it doesn't accept BSD non-dash option syntax yet), and <b>bunzip2</b> (not just
bzcat but the proper extract-in-place command).
Sameer Pradhan added <b>hostid</b> and <b>fsync</b>.
Elliott Hughes added <b>flock</b>.

<p>The people waiting for <b>human readable number support</b> (du -hH, ls -h,
and so on) can thank Elliott Hughes for implementing it. (Our output doesn't
exactly match others' because we our "binary" mode will say 1.0G instead of
1024M, which is a bug in the other one we didn't emulate.)</p>

<p>The other big news is <b>nommu support</b>, tested on the new
<a href=http://nommu.org/jcore>jcore</a> processor but presumaby working
on any nommu system. A few commands don't support nommu yet, but those
are disabled by dependencies on TOYBOX_FORK in menuconfig when building
for nommu. The roadmap now has a large section analyzing the uClinux
project (note that <a href=http://nommu.org>nommu.org</a> is slowly replacing
<a href=http://uclinux.org>uclinux.org</a> as the standard repository of
all knowledge and wisdom about nommu. The old site <a href=#12-02-2012>contains
much that is apocryphal</a>, or at least wildly inaccurate, and the new one
is trying to improve on that).</p>

<p>Both "make change" and scripts/single.sh (for building standalone commands
without the multiplexer logic) now use the top level .config
for toybox global settings such as Linux Security Blanket Module selection,
(so make defconfig before change now).</p>

<p>Documentation updates to the <a href=code.html>code</a> and
<a href=roadmap.html>roadmap</a> pages.</p>

<h3>pending</h3>

<p>In the pending directory Sameer Pradhan added tftp,
and Elliott Hughes sent lsof. Isaac Dunham upgraded mdev,
reboot, init, login, and modprobe, and fixed a distro-specific build break in
scripts/mkflags.h. Elliott Hughes and Lipi Lee made netstat -p handle
command lines longer than 21 characters, and Elliott fixed netstat -e and
some build warnings. Yeongdeok Suh fixed a warning in dhcpd.
I started cleanup on pgrep/pkill.</p>

<h3>Command updates, bugfixes, and infrastructure</h3>

<p>The multiplexer's "command not found" error exit is now 127, so now you can't
distinguish between a command not being found in the multiplexer and
the multiplexer itself not being found by the shell, because people wanted
that for some reason.</p>

<p>Elliott Hughes made date reject invalid dates rather
than set the clock to something weird (setting the clock 100 years into the
future makes most Linux desktops surprisingly unhappy, and ntpdate won't fix it
either), fixed several ls -l display issues (user/group field ordering,
make user/group/lsmcontext left aligned), did the aforementioned
extensive work on human readable number output, fixed ionice's default
class, fixed a mv overwrite bug, made df's columns auto-size, added
--ppid and -Z to ps, and teamed up with Daniel K. Levy to fix
a segfault in find's handling of -newer -group or -user.</p>

<p>Hyejin Kim added stat -c %T support. Colin Cross worked
on vmstat fixing
a header printing bug and calculating the bi and bo columns in the right
units. Isabella Parakiss reported that sed -e "/x/c\" -e "y" added an extra
newline and that grep -w '\(x\)\1' didn't work, both now fixed.
Alistair Strachan fixed several problems with switch_root. Kylie McClain
pointed out env should be able to clear variables via NAME= syntax.
Dima Krasner added support for running blkid without a partition (so it shows
all partitions). Hyejin Kim sent in a bunch of static analysis bug reports.</p>

<p>Isabella Parakiss reported that sed -e "/x/c\" -e "y" added an extra
newline and that grep -w '\(x\)\1' didn't work, both now fixed.
Alistair Strachan fixed several problems with switch_root. Kylie McClain
pointed out env should be able to clear variables via NAME= syntax.
Dima Krasner added support for running blkid without a partition (so it shows
all partitions). Hyejin Kim sent in a bunch of static analysis bug reports.</p>

<p>Two large thinko fixes in oneit: -3 was always enabled (which would
eventually block if the child never read the exiting PID numbers from its file
descriptor #3 until the pipe filled up), and the signal handlers weren't
set up right (for requesting semi-graceful halt/poweroff/reboot).
Calling install without a mode is now 0755, and install -g 0 no longer clashes
with cp --preserve. Better error message for ls -r on unreadable
directories, and ls -Z now uses O_PATH (with the /proc/self/fd/%d
workaround for kernel stupidity as necessary).</p>

<p>Date now understands @unixtime[.fraction] and uses -D for
the set-side format (matching busybox's extension for this). The seq -f
string now checks that it's got exactly one %f escape with the correct
attributes (and a whole bunch of test cases for it). Fixed a bug
in od that screwed up the position indicator on arm and mips.
In stat the d/h units moved from %d %D to the default string.
And patch can now correctly apply hunks with trailing context to the start of
the file.</p>

<p>The prompt argument moved out of yesno() (the caller can print the prompt
themselves). Replaced toys.exithelp with help_exit(). Added new
XVFORK() macro, and xpopen_both() calls /proc/self/exe when passed
a NULL argv (see cpio -p for example usage). Replaced toys.recurse
with toys.stacktop so the recurse or re-exec decision is now based
on bytes of stack space used. Marked a bunch of command-local functions
static.</p>

<p>New additions to lib/ include strlower(), xconnect(), and the
aforementioned help_exit().
The testsuite now has some infrastructure tests based on "example"
commands such as toys/examples/test_human_readable.c.
The login command finally got a long-overdue cleanup (it's one of the
commands that predate the "pending" directory but were part of the reason
for it). Hexedit had an
uninitialized variable (of course gcc didn't spot it, it was too busy
warning about "may be used uninitialized but never actually is" variables).</p>

<p>Tweaked makefile so
"make CROSS_COMPILE=prefix-" (as well as "CROSS_COMPILE=prefix- make",
which still works). Toybox is now installed chmod -w so broken installers
(like the bunzip2 package's) that try to overwrite existing binaries won't
knock out the whole of toybox.
GCC 5.2.0 stopped being able to compile Linux 2.6.12's kconfig, but
we added a workaround. You can now build uptime without utmpx.h.
Alejandro Joya pointed out that enabling smack required smack on the host
as well as target when cross compiling, which is now fixed.</p>

<p>Note: toybox can autodetect nommu support when building with a uClibc
toolchain such as <a href=http://landley.net/aboriginal/downloads/binaries/old/1.4.3/cross-compiler-sh2eb.tar.gz>the one from Aboriginal Linux</a>,
but <a href=http://github.com/richfelker/musl-cross-make>with musl-libc</a>
you'll have to enable CONFIG_TOYBOX_MUSL_NOMMU_IS_BROKEN to work around the
fact they provide a non-functional fork() implementation that always returns
-ENOSYS, to prevent you from compile-time probing for nommu support when
cross-compiling. Unfortunately "preventing you from probing" seems to be
an explicit policy with musl, they also don't provide an "#ifdef __MUSL__"
because their library is perfect and you're only ever allowed to work around
other people's bugs, not theirs. So we have to use menuconfig to manually
enable musl-specific bug workarounds.</p>

<a name="23-07-2015" /><a href="#23-07-2015"><hr><h2><b>July 23, 2015</b></h2></a>
<p>I recreated the <a href=downloads/toybox-0.6.0.tar.gz>0.6.0 source tarball</a>
(new sha1sum 08fb1c23f520c25a15f262a8a95ea5b676a98d54)
because I forgot to add --prefix to the git archive command when I updated
my release script from mercurial, so the files weren't in an enclosing
directory. (Ooops.)</p>

<a name="19-07-2015" /><a href="#19-07-2015"><hr><h2><b>July 19, 2015</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>
The reason why it was published in the form of a micro sub meson electronic
component is that if it were printed in normal book form, an interstellar
hitchhiker would require several inconveniently large buildings to carry it
around in.</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.6.0.tar.gz>Toybox 0.6.0</a>
(<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/releases/tag/0.6.0>git commit</a>)
is out. (Yes, git. See the <a href=#05-04-2015>previous news entry</a>.)</p>

<p>Sorry for the unusually long gap between releases. Since last release Ye
Olde Project Maintainer traveled to japan twice and had two more "once
a century" floods at home. (Probably a coincidence.) Still catching up.</p>

<h3><b>CELF/ELC talk and Wikipedia[citation needed] article</b></h3>

<p>I gave another State Of The Toybox talk
(<a href=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04XwAbtPmAg>video</a>
<a href=http://landley.net/talks/celf-2015.txt>outline</a>), in which I
repeat my <a href=http://landley.net/notes-2013.html#07-11-2013>perennial</a>
<a href=https://twitter.com/landley/status/557309224535851009>complaint</a>
that Wikipedia[citation needed]
<a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toybox>still</a>
<a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusyBox#Controversy_over_Toybox>says</a>
toybox was relicensed before its hiatus, when relicensing was why
the hiatus ended.</p>

<p>Since Wikipedia[citation needed] seems unable to do the
<a href=#15-11-2011>most</a>
<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/log/tip/LICENSE>basic</a>
<a href=http://landley.net/notes-2011.html#13-11-2011>research</a> on
this point, and has stuck to an incorrect sequence of events for years,
I've been gradually escalating my attempts to correct them. Toybox
came out of mothballs in November 2011 <b>because</b> it could be
relicensed. That's what opened up a new niche busybox wasn't already
filling with a 10 year headstart.</p>

<a name="asterisk_back" />
<p>The article has plenty of smaller issues<a href=#asterisk>*</a>, but
given that I gave an entire talk at Ohio LinuxFest in 2013
(<a href=http://landley.net/talks/ohio-2013.txt>outline</a>,
<a href=https://archive.org/download/OhioLinuxfest2013/24-Rob_Landley-The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Copyleft.mp3>audio</a>) on why I switched away from GPL for
my projects, that one bugs me.</p>

<h3><b>New stuff this release</b></h3>

<p>There's a new android menu in menuconfig, and rather a lot of Linux
Security Module support (Smack for Tizen from Xavier Roche and José Bollo,
and SELinux for Android from Elliott Hughes; see
the Security Blanket menu under global settings in menuconfig) has
trickled in, although there's still more to come.</p>

<p><b>New commands:</b> Added reset, nproc, ionice, and iorenice.
Elliott Hughes contributed xxd, runcon,
restorecon, load_policy, getenforce, setenforce, getprop, and setprop.
Promoted shred, nsenter, and hwclock.</p>

<p>You can once again build catv now the flag infrastructure's been updated to
let it coexist with cat -v.
And on a long plane flight I wrote
hexedit, an interactive hex editor that implements the start of
cursor control infrastructure (for eventual use by less and vi and shell
command history and so on).</p>

<p><b>New options:</b> Added sed -E as a BSD-compatible synonym for -r.
Upgraded oneit with -r (restart), -3 (send exiting PID values to child),
and signal handling. Added -v option to timeout, -m to mknod, -u to shred,
-t to dmesg, and -123 to head and tail. Added implicit "." to grep -r without
any files to work on. Hyejin Kim requested prefix support for truncate -s.
Greg Hackman added -inum to find.
Jan Cybulski added the smack side of ls -Z support. Various patches also
added -Z to mkdir, mknod, and mkfifo.
Basic cp --preserve support went in, but not yet the xattr/LSM parts.</p>

<p>The toybox command now has a --version option,
which uses "git describe" if available.</p>

<p><b>Build infrastructure:</b>
The "make change" target now saves the output of each failed standalone
command build in a .bad file, and "make defconfig" is quieter now.</p>

<p>Paul Barker submitted a large patch changing command install paths so
"toybox can be installed alongside busybox without confusing
update-alternatives". (There's some argument over
what the right paths should be, and I'm waiting for
people to tell me what else needs fixing because I have no idea. I've
been symlinking /bin to /usr/bin since 2002
<a href=http://landley.net/writing/hackermonthly-issue022-pg33.pdf>for
historical reasons</a>.)</p>

<p><b>Docs:</b> The repository link now goes to github, with another link
to the commit rss feed.</p>

<p>Elliott Hughes updated the Android section of the roadmap
(and he would know). Redid bits of scripts/mkstatus.py to make updating
status.html easier, and the README is larger.</p>

<p>More description of option parsing in code.html, which now describes the
FLAG_x macros, switching flag macro sets with FOR_newcommand, how
configuration zeroes flag macros and using FORCE_FLAGS to suppress the
zeroing of options shared between commands. Also added description of ";"
to make --longopts take an optional =value part, and more about TOYBOX_DEBUG
to check NEWTOY() option strings (otherwise a bad option string makes
lib/args.c obviously segfault, but doesn't explain why).</p>

<p>Added a "Why 0BSD?" section to license.html when submitting zero clause bsd
to SPDX (according to the pending license spreadsheet, it's been approved for
SPDX 2.2).</p>

<p>The old list of commands needing cleanup but not in pending was
removed from toys/pending/README and instead the issues were added
as TODO comments in the individual commands.</p>

<p><b>Bugfixes:</b>
Fixed mount -a segfaulting without -O (reported by Janus Troelsen),
and made it try a "become rw" ioctl() on the block device before falling
back to mounting read only (because Android expects that).
Fixed printf -- and printf ---. Lots of tweaks to ls -l spacing with
different options. Make touch -d and -t actually set time when you don't
specify nanoseconds.
Fixed a subtle bug where recursive calls (toybox commands that run other
toybox commands) weren't resetting all their state. (This manifested as
a "no }" error from "find | xargs sed", but could cause other problems.)
And David Halls reported another sed bug trying to compile libiconv (which
left extra \ at the start of lines in a generated shell script, breaking
the build). Output an error message for "cat /mnt".</p>

<p>Kylie McClain reported that mktemp broke when $TMPDIR was set to an empty
string (which is not the same as unset), that install/find didn't support
numeric uid/gids, and that sort -z affects both input and output.
Isabella Parakiss fixed a printf.c bug.
David Halls fixed bugs in install -D and find -exec. Samuel Holland
fixed unshare -r. Hyejin Kim fixed makedevs with a count of 1, fold -w
range checking, an error path in scripts/mkflags.c, added -i to dhcpd,
and stopped su from prompting the root user for the new user's password.
Jan Cybulski spotted wrong indentation when combining ls -s and -i with -C and
-x. José Bollo fixed stat %G. Sameer Pradhan fixed a bug in mkfifo -Z.</p>

<p>Elliott Hughes asked for a default SIGPIPE handler to disable
the signal handler bionic's dynamic loader installs (yes really). Still not
100% sure what the correct behavior is there. (Posix is
(<a href=http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.standards.posix.austin.general/10915>actively unhelpful</a>, but at least they're taking
<a href=http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=789#c1976>years to
make up their mind</a>. Elliott also sent patches to fix a typo in
useradd.test, add missing arguments to error_exit() calls and clean up
printf() format strings, fix an off by one error in human_readable(),
fix dmesg -c error reporting, fix a segfault in comma_scan where the option
was the last item in optlist (triggered by mount -o ro,remount), fix
hwclock -w, made ifconfig print lowercase MAC addresses (it was bothering
him), and make terminal_size() read the right environment variable
(LINES, not ROWS). And he suggested the test suite notice high command exit
values (corresponding to segfault or other signals).</p>

<p>People are apparently using toys/pending commands, despite the police tape
and flashing lights, so added louder warnings to toys/pending/README.
Elliott Hughes fixed various problems with tar, dd, more, and top.
Hyejin Kim cleaned up syslogd and dumpleases. Isaac Dunham added hotplug
support to mdev. Yeongdeok Suh added RFC-3315 ipv6 support to dhcpd.</p>

<p>I rewrote ps.c from scratch (in pending), but it's not ready for real use
yet.</p>

<p><b>Portability:</b>
On the portability front Bernhard Rosenkranzer fixed a problem where the
menuconfig code wouldn't compile in C99 mode. (This led to me documenting
the craptacular nature of kconfig in a README, and the plan to replace it
sometime before 1.0.) Some extra flags to shut up overzealous llvm warnings
were added (and have to be probed for because gcc complains about
arguments it doesn't recognize even when they switch stuff _off_ using
a standard syntax). Don't depend on malloc(0) to return non-null in ls.
David Halls fixed some mac/ios portability issues,
implying somebody's built at least part of toybox on a mac.</p>

<p>Added basename_r() to lib/lib.c because the posix semantics for basename()
are stupid but what the gnu guys did to it was appalling.
Turns out bionic already had a basename_r(), but posix still doesn't.
Fixed it up in portability.h, but this
could break more stuff in future. (Correct fix is to lobby posix to add it,
which would probably take about 15 years...)</p>

<p><b>Infrastructure:</b>
The build now checks $LDFLAGS for linker-only flags, and allows the strip
command to fail (binflt toolchains provide a strip that doesn't work).
Since time.c uses floating point, added TOYBOX_FLOAT dependency in config.</p>

<p>There's a lib/lsm.h defining varous inline functions for linux
security modules stuff, if (lsm_enabled()) should turn into a compile-time
constant 0 and let code drop out when TOYBOX_LSM_NONE selected, but
testing against CFG_TOYBOX_LSM_NONE or derived symbols is still useful
becuase when it _is_ enabled the probe turns into a system call you
don't want to repeat too much.</p>

<p>Switched a bunch of commands from signal() to xsignal(). Factored out
xgetgrnamid() and xgetpwnamid() into xwrap.c. Make time.c depend on
TOYBOX_FLOAT (since it always uses float so shouldn't be available on
build targets without even software float). Added readfileat() to lib/lib.c.</p>

<p>The dirtree infrastructure now passes in full flags for the old symlink
field, and the new DIRTREE_SHUTUP flag disables warnings if a file vanishes
out from under you during traverse. New dirtree_start() wrapper to
create dirtree root with only two arguments.</p>

<p>The not-curses infrastructure introduced by hexedit mostly moved to
lib/interestingtimes.c.</p>

<a name="asterisk" />
<a href="#asterisk_back" />Asterisk:</a> such when
Tim contacted me (my blog says a couple days before nov 13, 2011, I.E.
11/11/11 not some specific day 2 months later) to ask if I wanted to work
on a new project he was proposing called
<a href=http://www.elinux.org/Busybox_replacement_project>BentoBox</a>
(because I used to do busybox, he'd forgotten toybox existed
until I brought it up). And don't ask me what "focuses not on compatibility
with its GNU counterparts" means when CP_MORE adds 7 non-posix options
and toys/other has 84 commands in neither posix nor LSB. I think they're
struggling to explain the difference having dismissed "licensing" as being
the reason it started up again after a long hiatus? The reason I don't think
GNU is special is there are a half-dozen other independent
implementations of the same unix command tools out there (AT&amp;T,
BSD, Coherent, Minix, plan 9, busybox, toybox, and several more analyzed in
the <a href=roadmap.html>roadmap</a>, and that's ignoring the implementations
written for DOS or in assembly over the years). But I do care what
Linux From Scratch expects, and if it's
<a href=http://archive.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs-museum/7.6/LFS-BOOK-7.6-NOCHUNKS.html#ch-tools-gcc-pass1>calling mv -v</a>
then I impelement mv -v
even if <a href=http://landley.net/toybox/roadmap.html>posix hasn't got
it</a>. And I don't know why "gnu counterparts" would describe this when
util-linux isn't a gnu package, nor are info-zip, e2fsprogs, kmod, less,
procps, shadow, sysklogd, vim, zlib, sudo, dhcpcd...</p>

<a name="05-04-2015" /><a href="#05-04-2015"><hr><h2><b>April 5, 2015</b></h2></a>
<p>Since <a href=https://android.googlesource.com/platform/external/toybox/>android</a> and
<a href=https://git.tizen.org/cgit/platform/upstream/toybox.git>tizen</a>
and <a href=https://github.com/kraj/meta-musl/tree/master/recipes-core/toybox>openembedded</a>
and <a href=https://packages.gentoo.org/package/sys-apps/toybox>gentoo</a>
and so on have all been using Georgi Chorbadzhiyski's git mirror rather
than the mercurial repository, I bit the bullet and switched the project's repo
<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox>to git</a>. Georgi's
<a href=https://github.com/gfto/toybox>mirror</a> is now pulling from that.</p>

<a name="25-02-2015" /><a href="#25-02-2015"><hr><h2><b>February 25, 2015</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>"A common mistake that people make when trying to design
something completely foolproof is to underestimate the ingenuity of
complete fools."</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.5.2.tar.gz>Toybox 0.5.2</a>
(<a href=/hg/toybox/shortlog/1702>commit 1702</a>) is out.</p>

<p>New promoted commands: sed (finally fixed enough it builds Linux From
Scratch), printf (cleaned up and promoted), shred and
base64 (the Tizen guys wanted them), getenforce, setenforce, and chcon (android),
mix (promoted with fixes from Isaac Dunham), nsenter (from
Andy Lutomirski, merged into unshare).</p>

<p>Elliott Hughes submited a bunch of patches to support Android (to
both toybox and Bionic libc, which he maintains). On toybox's end this
involved a lot of fixups to portability.[ch] and fixes to over a dozen
commands, plus several new ones. Other portability fixes included working
with buildroot's uclibc fork and building for nommu targets.</p>

<p>The new "make change" target builds each toybox command as a standalone
binary. Rather a lot of commands that didn't build by themselves (mv depending
on cp and so on) were hit with a large rock until they built standalone.
This involved rewriting bits of option parsing, more elaborate dependency
generation, making each command have its own config
symbol and main() function (even when it's just a wrapper calling another
command's main()), and so on. Also, some commands can't be built standalone
at a conceptual level: "help" describes other enabled commands and "sh"
has a number of bulitin commands (cd, exit, set) that require the
multiplexer infrastructure, so "make change" filters them out.</p>

<p>The mailing list's web archive is still screwed up. Dreamhost has
been trying to fix it since approximately September. There are
<a href=http://www.mail-archive.com/toybox@lists.landley.net/>two</a>
<a href=http://news.gmane.org/gmane.linux.toybox>other</a> less broken
archives, but neither has quite the same UI as mailman.</p>

<h3>Bugfixes and tweaks</h3>

<p>Cynt Rynt sent in tests for ifconfig,
Robert Thompson taught factor to accept whitespace separated arguments,
Hyejin Kim pointed out that some of mktemp's longopts were attached to
the wrong short options,
Luis Felipe Strano Moraes fixed a wrong free() call in bootchartd in pending.
Patches from Ashwini Sharma to make "df /dev/node" work, prevent du from
looping endlessly following symlinks, and to make expr.c
(in pending) understand == and regex matches. (Speaking of expr, it gets
priority groupings wrong but the bug was actually in the posix spec's
HTML conversion. They fixed the posix spec upstream for us. Still need
to fix the expr code, but it's in pending for a reason...)</p>

<p>Some commands grew new option flags, such as cp --remove-destination
and touch -h.</p>

<p>The parallel build has better error reporting now. When toybox needs to
re-exec itself to regain suid root permissions and hasn't got the suid bit,
it now gives the right error message ("not root" instead of "no such command").

<p>Added a test to "mount" to not mount the same device/directory combination
over itself (the OS catches this for block devices, but not for tmpfs).
Make blkid distinguish ext3 from ext4. Added catv back into cat (because
the Android guys wanted it, and they have historical usage on their side,
so...). Handle nanoseconds in touch.</p>

<p>Fixed a segfault when CP_MORE was disabled (the resulting option flag list
no longer defined -d but still had it in option groups at the end).
Workaround for glibc redefining dirname() and basename() to random non-posix
semantics because gnu. (They could have created dirname_r() but didn't want
to.)</p>

<p>Fix an ifconfig test that was preventing assigning an ipv4 address to
interface aliases. Several cleanup passes on hwclock but not quite
promoted out of pending yet.<p>

<p>Fixed a wrong error message in rm (if you had a chmod 000 directory and
did rm -r on it without -f, after the prompt it would complain it was a
directory, which was not the problem).</p>

<p>The gzip compression code now does "store only" output to stdout, for
what that's worth.</p>

<p>Cleanup mountpoint and expand, and remove them from toys/pending/README
(a list of commands that predate the toys/pending directory but needed
another pass).</p>

<h3>Library and infrastructure:</h3>

<p>Reworked the option parsing infrastructure so more commands build
standalone (via scripts/single.sh or "make change"). The option flag bit
values are no longer packed, it leaves spaces where currently disabled
flags go, and you can #define FORCE_FLAGS so disabled flags aren't zeroed.
This allows multiple commands to more easily share infrastructure, even if
your current flag context is for a disabled command (switched off in config),
you can force them to stay on and as long as the flags read the same right
to left they'll have the same values.</p>

<p>We've started removing use of strncpy() because it's a hugely broken
standard C function: the length is the maximum length to _append_, not
the size of the destination buffer. It memsets the remaining space it didn't
copy ala "memset(dest+strlen(dest), 0, len);" so
if you think len is the size of dest you're guaranteed to stomp memory off the
end). And if it runs out of space it won't null terminate because reasons.
(Meanwhile sprintf("%*s", len, str) is counting wide characters in your current
locale, so if you set a locale other than "C" it will also go past your
allocated buffer size. Whoever is maintining the C library standards is really
bad at strings.)
Instead we have xstrncat() which will error_exit() if src+dest+1 doesn't
fit in the buffer. (Because randomly truncating input data isn't necessarily
an improvement.) And there's always xmprintf().</p>

<p>Similarly, strtol() doesn't return an error indicator on overflow,
you have to clear and then check errno. So new xstrtol() that cares
about overflow.</p>

<p>The bionic and musl guys agree faccessat(AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) is not
supported, so stop using it.</p>

<p>Fixed toy_exec() to detect when argc is in optargs, so we don't
need a separate xexec_optargs().</p>

<a name="18-02-2015" /><a href="#18-02-2015"><hr><h2><b>February 18, 2015</b></h2></a>
<p>Dreamhost continues to be unable to make mailing list archives work, so
here's <a href=http://www.mail-archive.com/toybox@lists.landley.net/>another
list archive</a> with a less awkward interface than gmane.</p>

<p>(Neither gives you the convenient historical monthly views of mailman,
but I still have hopes dreamhost will someday figure out what they're doing
wrong. They've only been trying since October. Last month they did a
<a href=http://www.dreamhoststatus.com/2015/01/14/discussion-list-hardware-maintenance/>hardware upgrade to fix a software problem</a>, and the stale
data loads much faster now, so that's something.)</p>

<p>Update (Feb 19): the archive started updating again, by discarding
all the pending data. So there are now _two_ giant holes in Dreamhost's
web archive, from Dec 15-Jan 3, and then another hole from Jan 16-Feb 18.
The relevant messages are in both of the other archives. Here's hoping
the chronic archive constipation problem won't happen a sixth time.</p>

<a name="30-12-2014" /><a href="#30-12-2014"><hr><h2><b>December 30, 2014</b></h2></a>
<p>Due to Dreamhost's <a href=http://landley.net/dreamhost.txt>ongoing</a>
<a href=http://landley.net/dreamhost2.txt>inability</a> to make mailman
work reliably, I've added a link to a backup web archive at
<a href=http://news.gmane.org/gmane.linux.toybox>gmane</a> to the nav bar
on the left.</p>

<p>You still subscribe to the list through
<a href=http://lists.landley.net/listinfo.cgi/toybox-landley.net>the first link</a>.</p>

<p>Update (January 27, 2015): they're <a href=https://twitter.com/landley/status/558428839462703104>still working on it</a>.</p>

<a name="19-11-2014" /><a href="#19-11-2014"><hr><h2><b>November 19, 2014</b></h2></a>

<blockquote><p>"This time it was right, it would work, and no one would have to get nailed to anything."</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.5.1.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.5.1</a>
(<a href=/hg/toybox/shortlog/1566>commit 1566</a>) is out.</p>

<p>It's an interim release, mostly bugfixes. There are several new commands,
but they're all in pending.</p>

<h3>Development</h3>

<p>Finally implemented sed, which is still in pending because although
it's feature complete according to posix, and even passes the parts of
Busybox's sed test suite that aren't explicitly testing for gnu bugs we
don't want to copy, it's not yet good enough to build Linux From Scratch.
(The ./configure stages use very long sed scripts. 20 commits worth of
implementation and debugging, just under 1000 lines of code, and there's
still more to do. We're definitely up to some of the "fiddly" commands now.
Did you know "echo hello | sed p - -" segfaults gnu sed in Ubuntu 12.04?
Yeah...)</p>

<p>Talked with the Tizen developers to follow up on their desire to
make toybox a part of the base Tizen system, and got a list of commands
to add to the roadmap. The tizen todo list is:</p>

<blockquote><p>
wget, sha256*, gzip, gunzip, bunzip2, rsync, zdiff*,
less, ar, arch, base64, csplit, dir, fmt, join, 
nproc, shred, shuf, stdbuf, stty, test, tr, unexpand,
users, vdir, diff3, sdiff, dosfsck (fsck.vfat), awk, fdisk
</p></blockquote>

<p>(Most of which was already on the todo list, but it helps prioritize.)</p>

<p>Fixed md5sum and sha1sum on big endian systems (reported by James McMechan).
Andy Lutomirski fixed unshare's help text and option parsing,
and submitted nsenter (a tool to use setns(2)) to pending.
Isaac Dunham implemented acpi -ctV options, and spotted the bug that ls -d
was inappropraitely following command line symlinks without -H or -L (it
should act like ls -l does), and ls -F handles symlinks wrong too.
Lukasz Szpakowski sent in two bugfixes to tail.c. Cynt Rynt spotted an
unnecessary assignment in lib/password.c.</p>

<p>Ashwini Sharma's team was as busy as usual, submitting tr, crontab, and
ipcrm, and hwclock to pending, more features to the pending ip.c, and a
pile of bugfixes (to chgrp, killall, ifconfig, insmod,
losetup, comm, cp, id, xwrap, netcat, modprobe, nohup...) mostly found by
static analysis. (These fixes are mostly to seldom-used codepaths like the
TOYBOX_FREE config option, but test coverage is always appreciated.) Ashwini
also suggested upgrading ln -f to leave the original target alone if link
creation fails, and reported that mv -f and -i weren't implemented (now fixed).</p>

<p>New config option: TOYBOX_NORECURSE prevents xexec() from making internal
function calls (for nommu systems with a finite stack).</p>

<p>The "toybox" multiplexer command no longer adds a trailing space to each
line of command names, so things like "./toybox | tr ' \n' '|'" to create
a grep pattern snippet are easier to do. (Why you'd want to is your business,
but the output is tidier now.)</p>

<h3>Infrastructure</h3>

<p>Isaac Dunham added Android support to portability.h, including compile
probes for functions missing from bionic-libc, and annotated the commands that
use those functions. We haven't really tested building against bionic,
but in theory it's possible now.</p>

<p>Running the test suite now color codes the PASS/SKIP/FAIL notifications
if output is to a tty. (And in case you missed it last time, VERBOSE=fail
to stop at the first failure is really useful.)</p>

<p>In loopfiles_rw() use O_CLOEXEC instead of O_RDONLY to request the loop
function close filehandles for us. (Otherwise the callback function must
close each supplied filehandle itself.)</p>

<p>The printf-style escape parsing ("\n" and friends) got factored out into
a new unescape() function.</p>

<a name="02-10-2014" /><a href="#02-10-2014"><hr><h2><b>October 2, 2014</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>"There is an art, it says, or rather, a knack to flying.
The knack lies in learning how to throw yourself at the ground and miss...
Clearly, it is this second part, the missing, which presents the
difficulties."</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy<p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.5.0.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.5.0</a>
(<a href=/hg/toybox/shortlog/1512>commit 1512</a>) is out.</p>

<h3>New commands</h3>

<p>The new commands are find, install, factor, and mount. Promoted commands
(cleaned up and moved out of "pending") are lspci, inotifyd, and blockdev.</p>

<p>cp now implements -HL and -F to force delete of pending files, cpio now
ignores -m and implements -p, ls -C now has utf8 support (using wcwidth
instead of strlen), and umount got a number of upgrades involving
looking things up in /proc/mounts. Other minor cleanups happend to
cut, touch, free, and id.</p>

<p>In pending: Bradley Controy submitted mix (adjusts OSS sound volume). Ashwini
Sharma submitted diff, userdel, blockdev, ipcs, and crond, upgraded
fdisk, fsck, and ftpget, and ran a static analyzer on a lot of other code.
Partial cleanup was done to useradd, userdel, groupadd, and groupdel.</p>

<h3>Build infrastructure</h3>

<p><b>Parallel builds</b></p>

<p>The build now takes advantage of SMP, autodetecting the number of
processors. (Export the environment variable CPUS to pick a specific number.)
Other build changes: split out $LDOPTIMIZE because old compilers complain
about linker options passed with -c, and the entire "generated" directory now
gets deleted by clean (the README that was in there got merged into code.html).</p>

<p><b>Standalone builds</b></p>

<p>The standalone build infrastructure (scripts/single.sh) got upgraded to
build more commands as standalone executables. In make.sh the source file
selection uses a regex to find the source files with the NEWTOY/OLDTOY macro
for the command. It enables each command's
sub-options (so CP has CP_MORE), enables I18N and FLOAT support to build
full-featured commands, and includes --help text (at least when
the command doesn't use another command's help). The OLDTOY() macro
now produces (redundant) function prototypes so you can build an OLDTOY
without the NEWTOY</p>

<p>It doesn't quite have complete coverage yet, the defconfig entries that
aren't building standalone yet are:</p>

<blockquote><p>chown, egrep, fgrep, fstype, halt, mv, nc, poweroff, unix2dos,
whoami</p></blockquote>

<p>The main reason for standalone build failures is NEWTOY() or OLDTOY()
entries that don't have their own config symbol. Another problem is entries
that depend on another entry in kconfig, usually because common infrastructure
is using one command's flags (which the other commands copy): if that command
is disabled, the FLAG macros become 0 so dead code elimination can remove the
code. It's <a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/rev/1503>possible
to untangle</a> this, but a bit awkward. (It boils down to conflicting
design goals in the two contexts.)</p>

<p>Standalone builds are used by the test suite when testing individual
commands.

<p><b>Snapshot builds</b></p>

<p>A new addition to the "generated" directory is generated/build.sh
containing a single compiler command line to build toybox in its current
configuration. Combined with the generated/*.{h,sh} files from an
exisiting build, this may let you build on a new system that hasn't quite
got enough OS bits working to run a full configureand make.</p>

<h3>Internals</h3>

<p>Library code: xcreate/xopen now O_CLOEXEC by default to avoid leaking
filehandles to child processes. DIRTREE_COMEAGAIN's second callback is now
done with the directory filehandle still open (new dir-&gt;again variable added
to distinguish first from second callback, and requesting DIRTREE_RECURSE now
requires passing in the specific macro value, not just a true/false).
Use daemon() out of libc instead of hand-rolled daemonize() in various
pending commands. string_to_mode() now passes through type bits so you can
use it to more easily modify a file's existing mode.
Split xpopen() into xpopen_both(), xopen(), and xrun() depending on whether
we want to redirect both, one, or neither of stdin/stdout.</p>

<p>Bugfixes: Better error message when TOYBOX_SUID option can't drop priviliges
(which happens when you suid something _other_ than root).
The old pending version of nbd_client.c wasn't deleted when the
command was promoted (and the build would break if both were enabled),
toy_exec() sometimes needs to re-exec from $PATH rather than recurse
internally (to gain dropped root permissions or limit stack depth),
always call setlocale() when I18N is enabled to switch it back _off_ when
we run commands that expect sscanf("%n") to return bytes,
dirtree() had a memory leak in an error path, patch.c had some bugs in
error paths (didn't report problem clearly). Ashwini Sharma spotted an
option parsing bug where [-abc] would forget _all_ command line arguments
saved in the GLOBALS() block (not just the ones for options being switched
off), plus various minor fixes to nbd_client and cpio.
Lukasz Szpakowski fixed rm -f on a broken symlink (failed), and killall
with no arguments (segfaulted).</p>

<p><b>Portability</b></p>

<p>A somewhat fiddly fix to rm -rf (which needs to chmod directories to u+rwx
to descend into them) which hit a musl bug in faccessat() which the musl
maintainer refuses to fix. (He literally wants the man page changed
instead, despite other libcs working.) Added an #ifdef __MUSL__ section
to portability.h with a workaround, you may need CFLAGS=-D__MUSL__ in your
build if your musl build's features.h doesn't #define that. (I may do
a different workaround in future, but sometimes you've just got to make
it work so you can ship. Also, toybox grep with multiple patterns
requires <a href=http://landley.net/hg/aboriginal/rev/1692>a patch
to musl's regex engine</a>, which applies to 1.1.4 but not to the current
musl source control.)</p>

<p>More portability.h fixes for uClibc too. (I don't expect that to ever have
another release, so locally patching around posix-2008 violations is silly).</p>

<p><b>Change to username filtering</b></p>

<p>Posix recommends the username creation logic filter usernames to a small
allowed set of characters (which even Red Hat breaks by explicitly allowing
"$" at the end), but this prevents UTF-8 usernames. Posix' stated logic
is to allow filesystems to create the user's home directory, but Linux
filesystems can accept any character but NUL and "/". The only characters
we actually _need_ to filter out are ":" (field separator in passwd),
newline (line separator in passwd), and "/" (directory separator in
filesystem).</p>

<h3>Documentation</h3>

<p>Web pages updated: cleanup.html documents more cleanup, code.html
documents more code, and about.html now capitalizes "toybox" consistently
(it's just a word, capitalize at start of sentence).</p>

<p>The pending/README file now lists commands that needed review/cleanup
before the pending directory was added.</p>

<h3>Test Suite</h3>

<p>Moved out of scripts/test into top level "tests" directory, and the
testing.sh script is now in scripts rather than mixed into the *.test files.</p>

<p>Johan Bergström requested VERBOSE=fail to make tests (telling it to
stop at the first failure), and spotted a build bug where using gnu
sort on the host broke in non-C locales.</p>

<p>Divya Kothari submitted tests for chmod, link, tar, bzcat, xzcat, zcat,
and hostname. (And more, but that's all that's merged so far.)</p>

<a name="07-07-2014" /><a href="#07-07-2014"><hr><h2><b>July 7, 2014</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>"This planet has - or rather had - a problem, which was this:
most of the people living on it were unhappy for pretty much of the time. Many
solutions were suggested for this problem, but most of these were largely
concerned with the movement of small green pieces of paper, which was odd
because on the whole it wasn't the small green pieces of paper that were
unhappy."</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.9.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.9</a> (<a href=/hg/toybox/shortlog/1385>commit 1385</a>) is out.</p>

<p><b>New commands</b> added to pending include:
lsattr, chattr, inotifyd, rfkill, sulogin, strings, makedevs,
killall5, and tar from Ashwini Sharma, arp from Kyungwan Han,
sysctl by Bilal Qureshi, partprobe from Bertold Van den Bergh,
host from Rich felker, and I did nbd-client and the first 2/3 of mount.</p>

<p>Finished cleanups (commands promoted out of pending):
sysctl, rfkill, strings, mkpasswd, makedevs, partprobe, killall5,
fallocate, and nbd-client.</p>

<p>(Along the way partial cleanups got made to: last, fold, lspci, ps,
bootchartd, init, fsck, telnetd, telnet, vconfig, toysh, iconv, useradd,
login, host, openvt, deallocvt, getty, tftpd, and modprobe. But there's
still more to do on all of those.)</p>

<p>This time around the <a href=bin>static binaries</a> are linked against
musl instead of uClibc. (That's why there's no sparc version, musl doesn't
support that target yet.)</p>

<p><b>Documentation:</b></p>

<p>The help text parser expects lower case "usage:" lines with
a blank line after them, so go through and regularize those. Expand the
"coding style" section in the docs and move it to design.html. (Not a show
stopper for incoming
contributions, just an explanation of some of the things I'll do to them
during cleanup.) The help text for the "toybox" command now includes
the shell script snippet to install symlinks to the toybox binary.</p>

<p>The <a href=cleanup.html>cleanup page</a> now has descriptions for the
full ifconfig cleanup series, among others.</p>

<p>The new toys/examples directory contains hello.c and skeleton.c. The first is
a simple hello world program in toybox style, the second is a much more
elaborate example program using showing how to use the command line option
parsing and how to provide multiple commands in the same C file.</p>

<p><b>Fixes</b>:</p>

<p>Fix od bug reported by Samuel Holland ("od -v -b" was appending the default
output type even though an output type was specified). Ashwini Sharma reported
bugs where readfile() was incorrectly freeing its buffer, and where toy_init()
was zeroing the wrong data because the field it was using to measure (rebound)
had moved (when I moved it back I added a comment why the field needs to be
there), fixed a segfault in the dhcp client, and made a 0 length read at
the start of password entry count as EOF. Make the "we are not root" test
in the init code show the help text. Posix implies that fflush() can return
success even when the stream's error bit is set, so call both fflush() and
ferror() from xprintf().</p>

<p>Isaac Dunham pointed out that bloatcheck couldn't deal with diff
implementations that only implement "unified diff" format, and that some
diff implementations can't handle nonseekable input (I.E. reading from
a pipe). Bugfix so "help -a" works again. Option parsing on nohup now stops
at first nonoption argument. Fix segfault in "which" if PATH wasn't set,
which was actually a bug in lib function find_in_path(). Made rm -rf of
chmod 000 directories actually remove them.</p>

<p>The build now passes the same $CFLAGS to the library probe as the final
build, because arch linux is so broken it provides different sets of
libraries for static and dynamic linking.</p>

<p>It turns out sprintf("%.123s", str) is counting characters, not bytes,
so globally enabling locale support opens stack smashing vulnerabilities.
So there's a new TOYFLAGS_LOCALE you set in toyflags when you want the
setup code to setlocale().</p>

<p><b>Upgrades:</b></p>

<p>Isaac Dunham extended cpio to archive unreadable empty files, and I taught it
to set uid/gid and timestamp when extracting archives. Isaac also
added tests for cpio, link, and du, added lspci -i, made the pci database
parsing skip # comment lines, merged logname and whoami into id.</p>

<p>Daniel Verkamp sped up md5sum about 30% with some loop unrolling, making
it actually smaller in the process. I added -b flags to md5sum and sha1sum
for "brief" output that's just the hash with no filename. (I'm aware other
implementations use that for MSDOS "binary" mode, and don't care.)</p>

<p>When building standalone commands (scripts/singleconfig.sh commandname),
the build now switches on all the sub-options of the command so we get
a standalone version with all the bells and whistles enabled.</p>

<p>Add -ds flags to date and document +FORMAT escapes. Add the shell NOP
command ":" as an alias for true (for toysh).</p>

<p>Add uClibc probe for iconv() and fallocate. (The fact it didn't always
build against uClibc is why fallocate wasn't enabled in defconfig before.)</p>

<p>The umount command now does an losetup -d on the device by default, so
we don't leak loopback devices. Bugfix to losetup so "losetup /dev/loop0
filename" actually works again.</p>

<p>Divya Kothari sent in test suite entries for ls, ln, rm, mv, printf, dd,
and renice. Then a second round for lsattr/chattr, mount, chmod, pgrep/pkill,
groupadd, groupdel, and useradd. Several of these uncovered bugs, still
working to fix them.</p>

<p>There are now free() functions for the predefined llist types and a
dlist_terminate() function to break doubly linked lists. The new
generic_signal() handler either sets "toys.signal" or writes a byte
to toys.signalfd with the signal number if signalfd isn't -1 (which it's
initialized to in toy_init).</p>

<p>The option parsing logic can now detect when a double fits in a long and
use the more precise type for floating point arguments (the FLOAT macro
contains the type used). The human_readable() function now just outputs
decimal kilo/mega/gigabytes (so when du -u says 5.0G it means 5.0 billion
bytes). The build infrastructure now notices duplicate commands (so if you
cp toys/pending/command.c toys/other/command.c and forget to delete the
first one, the build break is now more informative).</p>

<a name="20-04-2014" /><a href="#20-04-2014"><hr><h2><b>April 20, 2014</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>And to this end they built themselves a stupendous supercomputer
which was so amazingly intelligent that even before the data banks
had been connected up it had started from "I think therefore I am" and got as
far as the existence of rice pudding and income tax before anyone managed to
turn it off.</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.8.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.8</a> is based on
<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/1262>commit 1262</a>. And
about time too.</p>

<p>The big news is that the build no longer needs python to generate help.h,
that's now done in C. The help text generation is also collating help text
from multiple options, merging command line option blocks and usage: lines.
There's even a new <a href=help.html>help web page</a>.</p>

<p><b>New commands:</b> Ifconfig, cpio, and su were cleaned up the rest of the
way and promoted out of pending. That saga is mostly explained on the
<a href=cleanup.html>cleanup page</a>. Vivek Bhagat's freeramdisk,
Isaac Dunham's fsfreeze, and Felix Janda's iconv are also new.</p>

<p><b>In pending:</b>
Ashwini Sharma's team submitted tcpsvd, udpsvd, telnet, telnetd, last, more,
groupdel/delgroup, arping, brctl, ftpget, ftpput, printf, reset, and added
ipv6 support to traceroute. Kyungwan Han's team submitted modprobe and getty.
Vivek Bhagat submitted openvt and deacllocvt. Samuel Holland submitted fold.
I wrote a new inflate (zip/zlib/gzip decompression) implementation in
compress.c, and still  need to do a corresponding deflate (compression-side)
and plug them into gzip and zip and so on. (Right now it does zcat.)</p>

<p>Several commands (vmstat, login, du, vconfig, mountpoint, free, chroot,
cut, touch, modinfo, expand) predate the "pending" directory, and are thus
in other directories but still need cleanup. Of these, vmstat got some
work this time (which would be much easier other vmstat implementations
documented what their output actually meant).</p>

<p><b>Upgrades:</b> Ifconfig grew /prefix netmask support (ala 1.2.3.4/24). Grep now has -zZ to
handle null terminated data, cksum grew -H for hex output. Upgraded od so the
fields align better when producing multiple output types. Help has -a and -h
options (all commands, html output).
Bugfix to blkid building for a 32 bit target. The date command can actually
set dates now. The O_NOFOLLOW compile time probe didn't work with cross
compiling, so it's back to an #ifdef test in portability.h. Nathan McSween
sent in a bugfix to od and a portability fix in the common library code.
Ashwini Sharma spotted a bug in pidof -o, and added verbose (-v) options
to mkdir and ln, and suggested killall should have an -s option and
allow -l to take zero arguments. Ashwini Sharma and Felix Janda upgraded
tftpd.  Fixed dumpleases still using toynet.h after
that was removed. Corrected killall return code and error reporting.
Isacc Dunham fixed bugs all over the tree, did cleanup on a bunch of
pending commands (getty, ftpget, init, openvt, modprobe...), and clarified
find's help text. Tom Sparrow ran three different static analyzers on
the code, which resulted in a few cleanups. The peek()/poke() functions
now use "volatile" to prevent broken compiler "optimizations" to do with
aliasing.</p>

<p><b>Build stuff:</b> Each FOR_xxxx macro now has a complementary CLEANUP_xxxx macro, so you
can put multiple commands with different command line options in the same
.c file, so they can share infrastructure outside of lib. (This let the
bunzip logic move out of lib into bzcat.c.) See XXX for example.
i
<p>The headers #included in toys.h are now grouped by standard, and headers
not listed in Posix or LSB were moved to portability.h. The old xregcomp.h
was folded into lib.h because it's posix (and supporting oddball uClibc
configurations isn't as important as it once was).</p>

<p>Regression tested against Ubuntu 8.04 to fix up bit-rot in defconfig
build on older systems. (We depend on Posix-2008, but not necessarily
the absolute latest build environment.)</p>

<p><b>In lib</b>: lib/xwrap.c added xgetpwnam(), xchroot(), and lib/lib.c now has names_to_pid().
xsetuid() was replaced with xsetuser() which takes a struct passwd
and sets both gid and uid, mkpathat() got factored out into a library command,
get_int_value() became atolx_range(), and
xmsprintf() is now just xmprintf(). The bunzip2 logic moved from lib into
bzcat.c.</p>

<p><b>Documentation</b>: new <a href=help.html>help page</a> with the
help text for all the defconfig commands, using the new help -ah output.
The <a href=code.html>source code walkthrough</a> now says more about
#including header files, and how the generated/* directory works. The
<a href=design.html>design page</a> has some new paragraphs about trading
of different kinds of simplicity, and why comments aren't a substitute for
good code. The README no longer trails off into obvious unfinished confusion
at the end. Each page on the website should now have its own title.</p>

<a name="18-11-2013" /><a href="#18-11-2013"><hr><h2><b>November 18, 2013</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>"Space," it says, "is big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mindbogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it's a long way down the street to the chemist's, but that's just peanuts to space."</p><p>-
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.7.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.7</a> is based on
<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/1122>commit 1122</a>.</p>

<p>New commands: Brad Conroy submitted blkid. Elie De Brauwer submitted
reboot, halt, and poweroff. Strake's nl got cleaned up and promoted from
pending to posix. In addition, the existing chvt and vconfig got some
cleanup.</p>

<p>That said, I haven't nearly kept up with the flood of new commands going
into pending: Ashwini Sharma's team submitted
dd, dumpleases, traceroute, top, useradd, groupadd, mkpasswd, tftpd, and
an fsck wrapper (with no filesystem drivers yet). Isaac Dunham sent in cpio.</p>

<p>Bugfixes: Jeroen van Rijn added a user count to uptime. Elie De Brauwer
added -e to watch, removed a memory leak, and fixed a terminal size problem.
William Haddon made xargs call its command line once even with blank input
(the standard is vague, but builds expect it), and fixed an off by one bug
where grep didn't malloc enough space with -E (leading to a segfault).
I fixed a glitch in bunzip2 (same one as went into busybox since they're using
the code I wrote), in od to fix -t co, -J, and -c options. Add uname -o as a
synonym for -s. Build fix to never use $CC without prefixing it with
$CROSS_COMPILE (since $HOSTCC could be different). Anca Emanuel spotted
a typo in the web page.</p>

<p>The compile-time command line option parsing got rewritten (ported from
bash to C), which should speed up builds a bit and allow code controlled by
--longopts to drop out properly when disabled in the configuration. Terminal
querying got refactored. Patch's -x option is now more informative (a
debug thing if you're trying to figure out why a patch didn't apply).
The "toynet.h" file got folded into toys.h since musl supports it and
micromanging uClibc options isn't very interesting anymore. The test suite
now uses scripts/single.sh when testing a single command.</p>

<a name="17-09-2013" /><a href="#17-09-2013"><hr><h2><b>September 17, 2013</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>"Think of a number," said the computer, "any number."
Arthur told the computer the telephone number of King's Cross railway
station passenger inquiries, on the grounds that it must have some function,
and this might turn out to be it.</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.6.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.6</a> is based on
<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/1068>commit 1068</a>.</p>

<p>This release adds
several new commands: Felix Janda wrote paste and fallocate, Kyungwan Han
submitted eject, Strake contributed grep, Ashwini Sharma added pmap (and
a testsuite entry for grep), Lukasz Skalski sent pwdx, Isaac Dunham posted
acpi, and I did timeout and umount.</p>

<p>The ls command now has a --color=auto option (suggested by Rich Felker).
The multiplexer now has a --help option so you can say "./toybox --help blah"
instead of using the built-in "help" command. (Which is a shell built-in.
Try it on your command line, it's like man for shell builtins. But a certain
other project has conditioned people to expect --help, so...) I forget who
heehooman at gmail is but they pointed out unshare needed PID and UID
namespace support.</p>

<h3>Pending</h3>

<p>A lot of new commands in toys/pending, to the point the next release should
probably just focus on cleanup and review of this backlog. We've got klogd,
dhcp, dhcpd, watch, route, and ps from
Ashwini Sharma (and an fsck wrapper but no fsck.fstype engines yet),
syslogd, pgrep, and pkill from Madhur Verma, netstat by Ranjan Kumar,
test by Felix Janda, lspci by Isaac Dunham, nl, su, and renice by strake (I.E.
M. Farkas-Dyck), and sysvinit by Kyungwan Han.</p>

<p>Some cleanup work on existing pending commands that aren't
ready to promote yet: I did a few more rounds on ifconfig
and Isaac Dunham's did several cleanups to xzcat, Felix Janda cleaned up
logger and syslogd...</p>

<p>Also some cleanup work on commands that predate the pending directory,
but weren't quite polished when they went in, most prominently du,
expand, and touch.</p> 

<h3>Infrastructure</h3>

<p>The new scripts/single.sh builds a standalone command without the
multiplexer, although not all commands can be built that way yet (NEWTOY yes,
OLDTOY no) and the space savings aren't anything to write home about. (If a
command needs the option parsing logic at all, it needs all of it.) If
you're curious, you can do:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
make defconfig
make
mkdir singles
for i in $(./toybox)
do
  echo $i
  PREFIX=singles/ scripts/single.sh $i || break
done
</pre>
<p>(And then wait a long time and watch almost half the builds fail.)</p>
</blockquote>

<p>There is now libbuf analogous to toybuf, another global 4k buffer this
time for use by lib/ code instead of command code.</p>

<p>The lib directory got split up a bit, lib/pending.c contains functions
not yet used by anything outside of toys/pending/*, and lib/xwrap.c contains
functions that wrap other functions and handle failures (via error_exit).
This leaves lib/lib.c containing actual new functions.</p>

<p>General improvements and bug fixes to argument parsing. The [-abc] exclude
logic should now clear arguments slots when disabling options. Bare --longopts
should work now and be able to report errors using their name, the new ;
option allows optional arguments to longopts only suppliable with = (I.E.
--color and --color=auto but not --color auto).</p>

<p>I'm gradually weaning the code off of itoa()/utoa() because sprintf
does this already. In this case "simple" probably means "let libc do it
for us".</p>

<p>Rewrote for_each_pid_with_name_in() and renamed it to just names_to_pid().
It shouldn't get confused trying to compare absolute and relative paths quite
so much anymore.</p>

<p>lib/llist.c grew a new dlist_pop() function for removing a doubly
linked list entry while maintaining a circular list; tail and patch are
using it now.</p>

<p>The musl guys suggested a new optimization flag
(-fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables)
that shaves about 10% off the binary size by removing a C++ism that crept
into gcc's idea of C. While I don't normally try to micromanage the compiler,
"-fstop-being-stupid" is a thing you have to hit gcc with from time to time.</p>

<h3>Bugfixes</h3>

<p>Felix Janda and I did a largeish rewrite of tail to
finally make it work right (we think). Still need to implement tail -f
someday (the tricky bit is making -f follow multiple files at once).
Felix also reported a bug in xpidfile.</p>

<p>Juhani Haverinen pointed out that
python 3 doesn't work with config2help.py, so the detection logic looks
for python2 (until I get around to rewriting that in C). Elie De Brauwer
then fixed our first attempt at this, and also fixed uname's help string.</p>

<p>Ashwini Sharma
pointed out the build was making a FLAG_ macro for " " which broke some
configurations. (That's a control character, not a command line option.)</p>

<p>Jacek Bukarewicz pointed out a bug in chdir permission handling, and
a way to make env segfault. Both should be fixed now.</p> 

<p>The new function xexec_optargs()
replaces calls to xexec(toys.optargs) to avoid freeing and reusing optargs
during option parsing screwing stuff up (such as netcat's exec mode).</p>

<p>The stat command's %a output was padded with leading zeroes, which
didn't match anybody else's behavior and thus made the test suite hiccup
between TEST_HOST and testing toybox. (If you go "TEST_HOST=1 scripts/test.sh
command" it sanity checks the tests against the host implementation.)</p>

<p>Last release, "mkdir sub/sub &amp;&amp; chmod 007 sub/sub &amp;&amp; rm -rf sub" didn't
delete sub and didn't exit with an error either. Neither was correct, rm
should now be fixed.</p>

<p>
<a name="26-07-2013" /><a href="#26-07-2013"><hr><h2><b>July 26, 2013</b></h2></a>
<p>Georgi Chorbadzhiyski maintains a <a href=https://github.com/gfto/toybox>git
mirror</a> of the repository on github, automatically updated from the
mercurial every 6 hours. The mirror is read only, but you can generate patches
against it and post them to the list.</p>

<a name="02-07-2013" /><a href="#02-07-2013"><hr><h2><b>July 2, 2013</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>"Time is an illusion. Lunchtime doubly so." "Very deep. You
should send that in to the Reader's Digest. They've got a page for people
like you."</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.5.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.5</a> is based on
<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/941>commit 941</a>. It adds
uuencode and uudecode from Erich Plondke, and enables Luis Morales' "who" by
default. Felix Janda and I cleaned up last year's "stat" submission and
enabled it. Ivo van Poorten added "groups".
Andre Renaud added "lsusb". I implemented "split", "pivot_root", and "mv".
</p>

<p>The "help" command is implemented differently now (lib/help.c) and
each command can now understand --help (including both "toybox --help"
and "toybox --help command" in the multiplexer).</p>

<p>The "pending" directory has several commands (find, xzcat, nbd-client,
logger, expr) which work but are not enabled by default pending further cleanup.
Ifconfig is enabled, but still in pending because it's only 2/3 cleaned up.
(It's an awkward halfway state but I'm not holding up the release for it.)</p>

<p>I'm <a href=cleanup.html>documenting the cleanups</a> to teach
more people to do it, but the writeups aren't caught up yet. The
<a href=roadmap.html>roadmap</a> also got updated a bit with further analysis
of other projects, and the README and about pages got updated.</p>

<p>Fixed _another_ "ls -C" segfault when terminal size can't be detected,
condensed the ls help text to fit on one page, implented --color, and taught
-l to print the major, minor numbers when showing block/char devices.
Argument parsing now handles "--" properly (to end option checking),
and the infrastructure can now handle bare --longopts that have no
corresponding short option (both were implemented before but didn't work).
Fixed an old bug in "patch", chmod grew -f, who grew -a. Isaac Dunham
fixed "-" vs "_" handling in modinfo, added a "firmware" output
field, added -b and -k support, and taught it that the ".ko" extension means
to look for the file at the specified path instead of under /lib. Felix Janda
moved file permission display code to lib so ls and
stat could share it. Ashwini Sharma spotted a bug in xabspath when the
last path component exists but we haven't got permissions to open it
(ala readlink -f /dev/sda as a normal user).
</p>

<p>In the build infrastructure, scripts/findglobals.sh finds leaked global
variables. (Leaked means they aren't part of the global union: Other than glibc
debris, toybox should define "this", "toy_list", "toybuf", and "toys", and
that's it; the rest add memory footprint to every command for the benefit of
just one command; use GLOBALS() to stick 'em in the union.) Static linking
against libraries other than the host's libc now applies to feature probes
for unshare and such. Neuter stupid internationalization support that makes
various host "sort" commands put things in an order other than alphabetical
(breaking the multiplexer's binary search on command names).

<p>You should now be able to build from a source control snapshot on a build
system that hasn't got python: if you disable CONFIG_TOYBOX_HELP. (The
release tarballs ship generated/help.h, but it's not in source control.
Eventually I should rewrite that python script in C.)</p>
</p>

<p><b>LICENSE TWEAK</b>: After <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2013-March/000794.html>discussion</a> on the mailing list the "2 clause
BSD" <a href=license.html>license</a> got slightly simplified so the first
paragraph now says:</p>

<blockquote><p>Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this
software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted.</p></blockquote>

<p>It used to continue "provided that the above copyright notice and this
permission notice appear in all copies", but A) what's the point? B) does "all
copies" mean binaries, or just source code, or what? C) lots of projects
that consider BSD and GPL compatible have <a href=https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/aes_generic.c>files with
both license notices</a> on them (sometimes at <a href=http://git.busybox.net/busybox/tree/shell/ash.c>opposite ends of the file</a> to make the conflict
less obvious) because "all copies must include this function" would violate
the GPL but "all copies must include this magic text blob" somehow don't?</p>

<p>I don't want to have to care about this anymore. The tweaked version is more
or less public domain with a liability disclaimer, but we're still calling it
BSD (sometimes "0 clause BSD") to avoid explaining.</p>

<a name="21-03-2013" /><a href="#21-03-2013"><hr><h2><b>March 21, 2013</b></h2></a>
<p>Video of my ELC talk
"<a href=http://youtu.be/SGmtP5Lg_t0>Why is Toybox?</a>"
is up on youtube. Related materials include the
<a href=http://landley.net/talks/celf-2013.txt>talk outline</a> and an
<a href=/aboriginal/about.html#selfhost>android self-hosting writeup</a>.</p>

<p>[Updated June 4] The following links jump to specific topics in the video. (Sorry about
the ads, it's The Linux Foundation.)</p>

<ul>
<li>0m29s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=0m29s>The smartphone is replacing the PC</a></li>
  <ul>
  <li>4m22s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=4m22s>Software needed to become self-hosting</a></li>
  <li>6m20s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=6m20s>Do we care if android or iphone wins?</a></li>
  </ul>
<li>9m45s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=9m45s>Android not vanilla: oppose or accept?</a></li>
  <ul>
  <li>11m30s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=11m30s>Open source can't do User Interfaces</a></li>
  </ul>
<li>15m09s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=15m09s>Android is not copyleft: oppose or accept?</a></li>
<li>18m23s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=18m23s>Security issues</a></li>
<li>21m15s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=21m15s>Solutions to the software problems</a></li>
  <ul>
  <li>22m55s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=22m55s>What toybox needs to be/do</a></li>
  <li>28m17s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=28m17s>What is toybox?</a></li>
    <ul>
    <li>28m58s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=28m58s>Why toybox started...</a></li>
    <li>37m50s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=37m50s>What does toybox actually implement?</a></li>
    </ul>
  </ul>
</ul>
</span>


<a name="14-03-2013" /><a href="#14-03-2013"><hr><h2><b>March 14, 2013</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>"Ford, you're turning into a penguin. Stop it." -
</p><p>The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.4.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.4</a> is based on
<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/813>commit 813</a>, adding
the "time" and "readahead" commands, plus some bugfixes.</p>

<p>The "cp" command now implements the -s symlink option, plus bugfixes
getting various corner cases right as used in actual package builds.
"id -Gn root" should now print root's groups
instead of the current user's. Several build fixes so toybox builds under
Ubuntu 8.04 again (which is about as old a build environment as you
can expect to find posix-2008 features in).</p>

<p>Unfinished commands have generally been moved to "toys/pending".
Everything else should "default y" to participate in make defconfig.
Several of those pending commands got some basic cleanup so allyesconfig
should at least compile (although defconfig is still what's useful).</p>

<p>Significant roadmap updates, checking several other multicall binaries
(klibc, sash, sbase, s6...) to see what commands they include.</p>

<a name="18-01-2013" /><a href="#18-01-2013"><hr><h2><b>January 18, 2013</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>This must be Thursday. I never could get the hang of Thursdays.</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.3.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.3</a> is based on
<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/793>commit 793</a>. There
are now exactly 100 commands in defconfig (of a little over 220 on the
<a href=roadmap.html>todo list</a>).</p>

<p>Elie De Brauwer added the rev command, cleaned up tac, implemented the -s
and -f flags for seq, added -v and -i to killall (and fixed killall not to
kill itself before finishing its pid list), and added to the test suite.
Felix Janda added -m to mkdir, pwd -L and -P, and more test suite entries.</p>

<p>Rob Landley added the losetup command, and fixed the existing ls, cp, and
readlink commands. The segfault in ls
happened when it couldn't determine the screen size (last release changed the
default to -C and a screen size of 0 made column view unhappy), and cp got an
extensive rewrite bringing it up to date with the dirtree changes and fixing
a number of things it never did right in the first place. The xabspath()
code in the library now handles a symlink after ".." properly (and the test
suite checks for it).</p>

<p>Infrastructure-wise the code is better about automatically setting the
error return code properly. Now error_msg() sets the exit code to 1 if it's
still defaulting to 0, and the global exit path does a fflush(NULL) with error
bit check rather than trying to be quite so granular about flushing. (That
means if we use printf() instead of xprintf() it still exits with the right
error code, it just doesn't end the program early on an output error.)
Minor bugfix so TOYBOX_DEBUG
doesn't always warn about the lack of suid bit when toybox is built with
at least one STAYROOT command. Bugfix for the option [grouping] logic
(and then further fixes to the error reporting pointed out by Ashwini Sharma).
dirtree_handle_callback() now has a prefix like the rest of the dirtree
functions. A lot of stuff doing manual path handling was switched to using
libc basename() (including, embarassingly, the basename command), which means
it now correctly detects "/trailing/slash/" which the previous code didn't.</p>

<p>Also, last release included some accidentally checked in debug code that
disabled compiler optimization, so the binary size bloated a bit. It's back
to -Os by default now.</p>

<a name="15-12-2012" /><a href="#15-12-2012"><hr><h2><b>December 15, 2012</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>"The major difference between a thing that might go wrong and a
thing that cannot possibly go wrong is that when a thing that cannot possibly
go wrong goes wrong it usually turns out to be impossible to get at or repair."
</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.2.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.2</a> is based on
<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/749>commit 749</a> and is
just a resync. Linux 3.7 came out, meaning it's time to do an Aboriginal
Linux release, and that should use a stable version of toybox. So here's
a new stable version.</p>

<p>The new commands are cut (from Jason Kyungwan Han), touch
(from Choubey Ji), expand (from Jonathan Clairembault, and he fixed a
bug in login), and rm (from Rob Landley). Felix Janda added UTF-8
support infrastructure (for non-ascii character sets) with a config option.
Elie De Brauwer added tests for cat and sha1sum, and -so options to pidof.
The "ls" command defaults to -C (column view) now, and "readlink" now supports
-fenq.</p>

<p>Portability work: toybox should now build against the musl C library,
and against older glibc versions (circa 2008, much before that and kernel
features we depend on start to drop out).</p>

<p>The whole codebase got reindented from "one tab" to "two spaces" per
level. The option parsing logic now understands [groups] of commands (when more
than one in a group is selected it can switch the others off, or error out,
or other things). The error_exit() infrastructure can now longjmp back to an
earlier point instead of exiting. Each toys/* directory now has a README,
the first line of which is the fancy name menuconfig uses for the directory
(so no more hardwired directory list in scripts/genconfig.sh).</p>

<p>Fixed a filehandle leak in getmountlist().
Pass parent pointer to dirtree_add_node() so it can give error messages with
full path. The yesno() function now always reads from stdin and writes to
stderr (we can retry tty checking complexity once we've got commands needing
it).</p>

<p>The open group broke their website so the
<a href=http://opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799>old links</a> to POSIX 2008
now <a href=http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799>need to start with
pubs</a>. Some of the links in the tree have been updated, others haven't while
I wait to see if their webmaster notices and fixes it.</p>

<p>(I note that the current rm implementation is not technically posix compliant
because the standard requires infinite recursion depth and the current
implementation uses one filehandle per level. I can add a config option
to do it Posix's way, which is more brittle and needs extra security checks,
but am waiting for somebody to complain first. The default "ulimit -n" is 1024
filehandles, so drilling down over 1000 nested subdirectories).</p>

<a name="13-11-2012" /><a href="#13-11-2012"><hr><h2><b>November 13, 2012</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>"Rule Six: The winning team shall be the first team that wins."
</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.1.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.1</a> is based on
<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/691>commit 691</a>.</p>

<p>Elie De Brauwer contributed usleep, Ashwini Kumar contributed du, and
Kyungwan Han contributed vconfig. Other new commands include switch_root and
md5sum, and the remaining shell wrappers are now proper commands (dos2unix,
unix2dos).</p>

<p>The patch command now supports -l, and gethostname is now enabled by
default. The df command follows symlinks to get the actual device name.
Felix Janda added -m support to wc (for utf8).</p>

<p>On the infrastructure side, the commands have now been grouped into
"posix", "lsb", and "other" subdirectories (for things required by Posix-2008,
the Linux Standard Base 4.1, and commands in neither). This affects menuconfig
and the actual source layout (toys/cp.c is now toys/posix/cp.c, and so on).
An android directory is planned (see the updated
<a href=roadmap.html#android>android roadmap analysis</a>).</p>

<p>The FLAG_ macros for command option parsing and TT alias for the command's
global block are now automatically generated, commands should
#define FOR_commandname before #including <toys.h> to get the macros for that
command.</p>

<p>An upgrade to the build infrastructure now allows commands with _ and -
in them, such as switch_root.</p>

<p>Bugfixes: Avery Pennarun spotted a case where ls showed uid twice instead of
uid and gid, and that nice was using the wrong range of numbers.
The ls command also recursed inappropriately last time (not quite
properly converted for the dirtree changes last release), and now it's
fixed. Roy Tam pointed out a glitch in sh, and fixed df's percentage
calculation to match the POSIX spec. The kernel build didn't like our mktemp
and it does now. The wc command wasn't quite posix compliant (trailing spaces
break stuff). The ls command recursed inappropriately last time (not quite
properly converted for the dirtree changes last release), and now it's
fixed. The catv command wasn't displaying byte 255 correctly. Some lib
fixes (thinko in xpidfile). Fixed uname -m when running a 32 bit x86 binary
on an x86-64 host (it lies and says the system is i686, i586, or i486 depending
on what the toolchain that built the binary supported. This makes builds in
a 32 bit chroot on a 64 bit kernel break less.) The df command was checking
partitions in the wrong order (displaying undermounts instead of overmounts:
this used to work but some library code changed out from under it and it
wasn't updated to match until now). Felix Janda filled out the test suite
some more. The patch file creation logic got tweaked several times to
successfully apply more patches. Support for older (pre 2.10) glibc
versions was added to portability.h.</p>

<p>Miscelaneous cleanups all around (mknod, sha1sum, logname), including a
rewrite of taskset to be less dependent on libc getting the headers right. All
the command headers should now point to the current relevant standards
document, where applicable.</p>

<p>This news page had old news entries from before the relaunch moved into
a separate <a href=oldnews.html>oldnews</a> page.</p>

<p>I forgot to create <a href=bin>static binaries</a> last time, but they're
back now.</p>
</span>

<a name="23-07-2012" /><a href="#23-07-2012"><hr><h2><b>July 23, 2012</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>"Ford", Arthur said. "There's an infinite number of monkeys
out here who want to talk to us about this script for Hamlet they've worked
out."</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.0.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.0</a> is based on
<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/640>commit 640</a>.</p>

<p>The new <a href=status.html>status page</a> is calculated from
the roadmap info, and should be easier to keep up to date in future.</p>

<p>Andre Renaud contributed od and modinfo. Elie De Brauwer contributed
taskset, bugfixes to cmp and tail, and tests for sort and tail. Kyungwan Han
contributed passwd. Gaurang Shastri contributed w. Ashwini Sharma spotted a
case where dirtree was adding extra slashes to a path.</p>

<p>I rewrote od, cleaned up comm, documented the
<a href=code.html#lib_llist>llist</a> and
<a href=code.html#lib_dirtree>dirtree</a> infrastructure, added an -r option
to date (and fixed a bug where -u wouldn't override /etc/localtime),
fixed bugs in chmod +stw, fixed ls to show suid bits properly when the
corresponding executable bit wasn't set, and worked around a longstanding
glibc bug where static linking prevents stdout from automatically flushing
pending output on exit.</p>

<a name="25-06-2012" /><a href="#25-06-2012"><hr><h2><b>June 25, 2012</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>"For a moment, nothing happened. Then, after a second or so, nothing continued to happen."</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.3.1.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.3.1</a> is based on commit
<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/607>commit 607</a>. It's
mostly a bugfix release for ls -l (which was unhappy on targets other than
x86-64), plus a new "date" from Andre Renaud and rewritten chgrp/chown which
now support the full set of posix flags, plus a little work on the test
suite and some more header tweaks towards eventual compatability with the
musl libc.</p>

<p>The todo list runneth over, but "release early, release often", so here
it is. The roadmap and documentation are a bit behind, and I've got ~40
pending submissions to review. I need to catch up...</p>
</span>

<a name="12-06-2012" /><a href="#12-06-2012"><hr><h2><b>June 12, 2012</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>"For instance, on the planet Earth, man had always assumed that
he was more intelligent than dolphins because he had achieved so much - the
wheel, New York, wars and so on - whilst all the dolphins had ever done was
muck about in the water having a good time. But conversely, the dolphins had
always believed that they were far more intelligent than man - for precisely
the same reasons."</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p>It's well past time for <a href=downloads/toybox-0.3.0.tar.bz2>toybox 0.3.0</a>,
so here it is, based
on <a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/595>commit 595</a>, and the
statically linked <a href=downloads/binaries>prebuilt binaries</a> should
actually be statically linked this time (thanks Ashwini Sharma for spotting
that).</p>

<p>It's hard to figure out where to cut a release, because development
doesn't stop. "Long before now" is the obviuos answer, of course.
The project's maintainer also moved house during this development cycle, which
threw things off for a bit (so many boxes). Releases should hopefully be a bit
more frequent from here on.</p>

<p>The big things Rob worked on this time were the new dirtree (directory
tree traversal) infrastructure, and a complete rewrite of ls using that
which should now implement all 26 posix options.</p>

<p>Georgi Chorbadzhiyski added printenv, whoami, mkdir, mkfifo, chmod, chown,
chgrp, and uniq. He also added fraction and extension support to sleep (so if
you need a quarter-second sleep, it can do that now), and fixed a build bug
on slackware.</p>

<p>Daniel Walter contributed a string to mode_t parser (in use by chmod and
mkdir -m). Ilya Kuzmich contributed comm. Elie De Brauwer added mountpoint,
vmstat, logname, login, and mktemp. Kevin Chase did some portability cleanups.
Pere Orga fixed some documentation.</p>

<p>The "tac" and "clear" commands are now normal commands instead of shell
wrappers, and the header #includes have been cleaned up a bit to remove
deprecated functions and attempt to increase compatability with the bionic and
musl C libraries, "tail" should now use lseek() for large files, and "id" got
some cleanups and bugfixes.</p>

<p>The new TOYBOX_FLOAT configuration option selects whether or not
to include floating point support (for embedded targets where that's
problematic).</p>

<p>Several random bugfixes: unshare() might actually build portably now,
yes 'n' | cp -i should no longer bypass stdin and prompt via the tty, the
SUID support no longer drops permissions going through the toybox
multiplexer command, and a bugfix to xargs -0 means it should no longer
segfault. (I have a pending bug report about xargs not doing the full
posix whitespace handling that -0 obsoleted, but I'll deal with that next
release.)</p>

<p>The build infrastructure is now automatically generating FLAG_ macros
for the options, but currently with the wrong names. Some more macro glue
is necessary, which I haven't quite figured out how to do yet.</p>

<p>A defconfig toybox at the start of the $PATH has successfully built
Linux From Scratch (in my Aboriginal Linux project). The commands that
'default n' in the config are often still broken, cleanup is ongoing.
(The new dirtree stuff broke several of them that haven't been converted
yet, but if I wait until everything works we won't have a release before
1.0, so here's a checkpoint.)</p>


<a name="03-03-2012" /><a href="#03-03-2012"><hr><h2><b>March 3, 2012</b></h2></a>

<blockquote><p>"They went unnoticed at Goonhilly, passed over Cape Canaveral
without a blip, and Woomera and Jodrell Bank looked straight through them.
Which was a pity, because it was exactly the sort of thing they'd been looking
for all these years."</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
</p></blockquote>

<p>Here's <a href=downloads/toybox-0.2.1.tar.bz2>toybox 0.2.1</a> based
on <a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/512>commit 512</a>.  This
time around, there are statically linked <a href=downloads/binaries>prebuilt
binaries</a> for various embedded targets.</p>

<p>It's been a busy few weeks, almost entirely due to new contributors. (I
have not quite been keeping up.)</p>

<p>Elie De Brauwer contributed free, uptime, swapon, swapoff, lsmod, mknod,
insmod, rmmod, and fixed a bug in basename.  Andre Renaud contributed ls, ln,
realpath, and hostname. Andres Heck contributed pidof and killall.  Daniel
Walter wrote kill and extended id. Timothy Elliott contributed tail and tests
for cmp. Frank Bergmann sent a warning fix. Bryce Fricke added -i to cp.
Nathan McSween pointed out an optimization. Georgi Chorbadzhiyski fixed
cross compiling to work more reliably.</p>

<p>(My own contribution this time around was just tightening up other people's
code, a build fix to unshare, some random bugfixes, and so on. My only new
code this time around was writing a bash replacement for the existing python
bloat-o-meter.)</p>

<p>Last time (the 0.2.0 release) included the first pass at an id command from
Tim Bird, env and basename from Tryn Mirell, cmp and head from Timothy Elliott,
more bugfixes from Nathan McSween and Elie De Brauwer, and Luis Felipe Strano
Moraes did a first pass at the who command plus other bugfixes and
optimizations.</p>

<p>(For that release I did xargs, cal, truncate, unlink, nohup, tty, wc, link,
dirname, unshare, and various infrastructure tweaks, but it took me 3 months
and those guys did their stuff in a week or so.)</p>


<a name="12-02-2012" /><a href="#12-02-2012"><hr><h2><b>February 12, 2012</b></h2></a>
<blockquote><p>
"for though it has many omissions and contains much that is apocryphal, or at
least wildly inaccurate, it scores over the older, more pedestrian work in two
important respects..."</p>
<p> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>

<p>Here's the first BSD licensed release,
<a href=downloads/toybox-0.2.0.tar.bz2>toybox-0.2.0</a>, more a synchronization
point than anything particularly useful.  47 commands in a reasonably
ready-to-use state (what "make defconfig" builds), another ten or so partially
finished stubs ("make allyesconfig"), and several
patches pending on the mailing list I need to review and merge.</p>

<p>More to come...</p>

<hr>
<a name="15-11-2011" /><a href="#15-11-2011"><hr><h2><b>November 15, 2011</b></h2></a>
- Back from the dead, Toybox is now under a 2
clause BSD license, and aiming to become the default command line
implementation of Android systems everywhere.</p>

<p>More to come...</p>

<hr>

<p><a href=oldnews.html>Old news</a> from before the relaunch.</p>

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